LEARNING THEORIES JEWELLE JOHNETTA WELLEH BSNRN NURS 5327

LEARNING THEORIES JEWELLE JOHNETTA WELLEH, BSN-RN NURS 5327 UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS – TYLER

OUTLINE 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2. OUTLINE OF THREE LEARNING THEORIES: § BEHAVIORSM - Stimulus Response § COGNITIVISM – Flow of Knowledge § CONSTRUCTIVISM – Mental Models 2. IDENTIFY THE KEY PRINCIPLES OF EACH THEORY, AS IT RELATES TO TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS. 3. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING THEORIES OF LEARNING. 4. ACTIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES 5. ALLOTTED TEACHING TIME FOR EACH THEORIES WILL BE 15 -20 MINUTES.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION ØThere are several learning theories which consist of: behaviorism, cognitivism, social learning theory, social constructivism, multiple intelligences and brain-based learning; however, this teaching assignment will focus on: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Ø Learning theories allow educators to better comprehend and/or recognize the process of learning. Ø Learning theories basically cover both internal and external aspects of how we process information and how we learn from the various information.

BEHAVIORSM Ø The study of behavior as it relates to stimulus and response, and consequences associated with it. ØAlso known as Connectivism theory and Black box theory. ØThe learner is view as passive. Tabula Rasa ØFocuses on observable behaviors, and has a biological basis for learning. Ø This learning theory implies that individuals learn through conditioning. Ø All students are not receptive to this type of learning motivation.

BEHAVIORSM CONTINUE… IMPACT ON LEARNING Ø Very structured, and this theory is primarily lecture-based. ØPunishments and rewards, this positive and negative reinforcement approach is known to be very effective in both humans and animals treatments. ØMost commonly utilized by educators who tend to reward and/or punish student behaviors. CRITICISM OF BEHAVIORISM Ø Has a one size fits all approach – which can be very problematic, for individuals with autism. ØThis learning theory sees the human mind as being an input and output model of processing information. Ø Does not give an explanation of some learning aspects, in the case of recognizing new language patterns by children, thus failing to reward those behaviors.

COGNITIVISM Ø Learning takes place when information enters through the senses and undergoes mental manipulation, the information is stored, until it can be utilized at a later time. ØThis theory grew in response to Behaviorism study ØStudies focused on cognition-mental activity. Ø Believe instruction should be based on student’s existing state of mental representation. ØInfluential contributors are Jean Piaget, Jerome Burner, Charles Reigheluth, Robert Gagne, Marriner Merill and Roger Schank.

COGNITIVISM CONTINUE… IMPACT ON LEARNING Ø This learning theory highly encourages inquisitiveness. CRITICISM OF BEHAVIORISM Ø Lack of individuality Ø Focuses on investigative and/or analysis evidence-based projects. Ø Minimal emphasis is place on emotional and/or sentimental characteristics. Ø Students have the readiness to learn, based on the experiences and contexts. Ø Recent research study conducted revealed that abstract thinking occurs much earlier that Piaget’s subjects.

CONSTRUCTIVISM Ø Is a philosophy of the learning process established on the premises that , as one reflect on their experiences, they tend to color and construct their very own understanding of the world they live in. Ø Focuses on cooperative learning and collaborative projects. ØStudents can learn different meanings from the exact same lessons ØThe learner is view as a active members. ØContributors of constructivism are Jerome Bruner, Ausubel, Lev Vygotsky, Gagne, John Dewey and Albert Bandura

CONSTRUCTIVISM CONTINUE… IMPACT ON LEARNING CRITICISM OF CONSTRUCTIVISM Ø Educators rely a great deal on openended questions, and they modify their teaching strategies to fit their student responses. ØVery subjective and has unpredictable outcomes/findings. ØFocuses on making connection between facts and this theory promote new understanding in students learning process. Ø Present students with the opportunity to analyze, interpret, and predict related information. Ø Tends to require for learner to have a higher level of maturity for success. ØTime consuming, expensive and unproductive. Ø Display gross lack of responsibility for student progression.

COMPARING THEORIES OF LEARNING

ACTIVE LEARNING ØActive learning is student-centered approach to instruction method which focuses on having students actively participate in the learning process.

EXAMPLES OF ACTIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES 1) LECTURE – DISCUSSION 2) CASE STUDIES 3) DEMONSTRATION 4) QUESTIONING 5) THINK – PAIR SHARE

ACTIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES CONT…

Learning theories consist of many different categories that are utilized on a day to day basis within the classroom settings, that aid and guide individuals in the course of the teaching, as well as the learning process. In spite of these differences in ideas, the main goal of each learning theories is to provide an explanation of how we learn and/or maintain information.

QUESTIONS TIME

REFERENCES Cooper, P. A. (1993). Paradigm shifts in demand instruction: From behaviorism, to cognitivism to constructivism. Educational technology, 33 (5), 12 -19. Davey, K. (2015). “Cognitivism, ” in learning theories. Retrieved from, https: //www. learningtheories. com/cognitivism. html Ertmer, P. A. , & Newby, T. J. (2013). Behavviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from am instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 26 (2), 43 -71. Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2004). Problem-based learning: What and how do students? Educational Psychology Review, 16 (3) 235 -266. Pavlov, I. P. , & Anrep. G. V. (2003). Conditioned reflexes. Courier Corporation. Piaget, J. (2013). The construction of reality in the child (vol. 82). Routledge. Skinner, B. F. (2001). About behavoirism. Vintage.