LEARNING THEORIES BY RICHARD PETERSON Cognitive Theories VS

LEARNING THEORIES BY RICHARD PETERSON Cognitive Theories VS Behavioral Theories

Jean Piaget – Cognitive Theory

Jean Piaget – Cognitive Therapy Born in 1896 and died in 1980 Published many papers on mollusks as a teenager and was considered an expert though readers did not realize his age reasoning(The Biography. com 2015) Education: Received Ph. D in natural sciences at University of Neuchatel in 1918. Also studied at University of Zurich, and the Sorbonne in Paris. 1929 – 1967 Director of International Bureau of Education 1939 – 1980 University of Geneva Professor

Piaget’s works and major contributions Identified four stages of mental development called Schema Contemplated children could not do certain things until they are psychologically mature enough Used “Key Ideas” that are widely used today such as: assimilation, accommodation, egocentrism, schema Created Sensori-motor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational development states

Jean Piaget’s Developmental Theories Schemas – they way of gaining more knowledge and sophisticated skill learning Assimilation – placing a new object into an old schema. Accommodation – learning that an object will not work in a certain schema, try a new schema Adaptation – learning how to accommodate when assimilating. Stages – built on observation of dominant assimilation, adaptation, and equilibrium

Jean Piaget’s Developmental Theories (continued) Classification – grouping objects together Class Inclusion – more advanced classification of objects Conservation – realization that objects stay the same when made to look different Decentration – ability to move from one classification to another Egocentrism – belief you are center of universe

Ivan Pavlov – Classical Conditioning Theorist

Ivan Pavlov – Classical Conditioning Born in 1849 and died in 1936 1879 graduated from the Academy of Medical Surgery and earned Ph. D. in 1883 1890 organized Department of Physiology and the Institute of Experimental Medicine Received Nobel Prize in 1904 Received honorary doctorate at Cambridge University in 1912

Pavlov’s works and major contributions Formulated the terms unconditioned stimulus , unconditioned response, conditioned learned stimulus, conditioned response Discovered the concept of generalization, discrimination, and extinction Presented “The Experimental Psychology and Psychopathy of Animals” that defined conditional reflexes that could be regarded as elementary processes.

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theories Classical Conditioning involves using an unconditioned stimulus (US), or event that causes a response to occur, to get an unconditioned response(UR), or a response to an event. It was also further experimented that a conditioned stimulus (CS), or a nonexcitatory added element to as US, could produce a conditioned response(CR), or a response to an unconditioned stimulus Pavlov found this theory while using it on dogs in the so called saliva experiment.

Impact of Classical Conditioning For trainers , classical conditioning is best used when linking learning with positive emotions. Students who are taught to generalize and discriminate properly will be able to understand one bad grade does not equal bad student Trainers can help students learn to relax when faced with anxiety situations

Impact of Cognitive Theories Trainers can learn to understand the processes used to get a particular answer. (Pearson Education, 2010) A variety of activities can be provided to have students choose from to act with directly(Pearson Education, 2010) Use practices where adult thinking is less emphasized(Pearson Education, 2010) Individual differences are more accepted as opposed to frowned upon(Pearson Education, 2010)

Works Cited