Learning relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior
Learning § relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience § Helps us …
Association § We learn by association § Associative Learning
Classical Conditioning § Ivan Pavlov § 1849 -1936 § Russian physician/ neurophysiologist § Nobel Prize in 1904 § studied digestive secretions
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment Before Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) During Conditioning Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation After Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation)
Classical Conditioning § Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) § Unconditioned Response (UCR) § Neutral Stimulus
Then the conditioning is applied: § Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning § Conditioned Stimulus (CS) § Conditioned Response (CR)
Classical Conditioning NEUTRAL STIMULUS will elicit NO REACTION UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a Unconditioned Respone will elicit a Unconditioned Response UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS NEUTRAL STIMULUS CONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a CONDITIONED RESPONSE
Classical Conditioning § Acquisition
Classical Conditioning § Extinction § Spontaneous Recovery
Classical Conditioning Strength of CR Acquisition (CS+UCS) Extinction (CS alone) Spontaneous recovery of CR Extinction (CS alone) Pause
Classical Conditioning § Generalization § tendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses § Can be adatptive § Ex.
Classical Conditioning § Discrimination
Classical Conditioning = biologically adaptive Helps organism prepare for good and bad events Helps an animal survive and reproduce
Why is Pavlov’s work important? 1. 2.
Applications of Classical Conditioning • In drug treatment = • Systematic Desensitization = • Aversion Treatment =
Operant Conditioning § Law of Effect
Operant Conditioning § Operant Behavior § Respondent Behavior
Operant Conditioning § B. F. Skinner (19041990) § elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect § developed behavioral technology
Operant Chamber § Skinner Box § chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer § contains devices to record response rates
Operant Conditioning § Reinforcer § Shaping §Successive Approximation
Ways to increase behavior. • Positive reinforcement § Strengthens a response by presenting. . . • Negative reinforcement § Strengthens a response…
Principles of Reinforcement § Primary Reinforcer § Conditioned Reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)
Schedules of Reinforcement § Continuous Reinforcement § Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement § Fixed Ratio (FR)
Schedules of Reinforcement § Variable Ratio (VR)
Schedules of Reinforcement § Fixed Interval (FI)
Schedules of Reinforcement § Variable Interval (VI)
Schedules of Reinforcement Number of responses 1000 Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval 750 Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 500 Variable Interval 250 Steady responding 0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (minutes) 60 70 80
Punishment § aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows § powerful controller of unwanted behavior ( ) § Administering a _______ consequence or withdrawing a _________ one.
Cognition and Operant Conditioning § Cognitive Map § Latent Learning
Cognition and Operant Conditioning § Intrinsic Motivation § Extrinsic Motivation
§ Observational Learning § Modeling
Observational Learning § Mirror Neurons § frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so § May…
Observational Learning § Alfred Bandura § Pioneering researcher in observational learning § we look and we learn § Thinking is affected by observations and direct consequences are not necessary
Observational Learning § This 14 -month-old boy is imitating behavior he has seen on TV § Knowledge of the mere possibility of reinforcement or punishment may be enough to promote or suppress behavior.
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning CLASSICAL • Stimulus precedes the response and elicits it • Elicited responses • Learning as a result of association • Pavlov OPERANT • Stimulus follows the response and strengthens it • Emitted responses • Learning as a result of consequences • Skinner
- Slides: 37