Learning Operant Conditioning Operant vs Classical Conditioning Both
Learning Operant Conditioning
Operant vs. Classical Conditioning ✤ ✤ ✤ Both associative types of learning & involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization & discrimination Classical: an organism associates different stimuli that it does not control & responds AUTOMATICALLY Operant: an organism associates its behaviors (those that act on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli) with their CONSEQUENCES
Operant Conditioning ✤ Question #1: ✤ Do you want this particular behavior to CONTINUE? ✤ Yes = you will REINFORCE the behavior. ✤ No = you will PUNISH the behavior.
Operant Conditioning ✤ Question #2: ✤ Are you adding something to the environment or subtracting something from the environment? ✤ ✤ Addition = Positive Reinforcement (appetitive) & Positive Punishment (aversive) Subtraction = Negative Reinforcement (aversive) & Negative Punishment (appetitive)
Operant Conditioning Stimulus Behavior Appetitive : ) (Something desired) Aversive : ( (Something not desired) Positive Reinforcement Punishment Addition to (Businessman meets quota environ. (Little kid runs into the & receives bonus) street & gets spanked) Negative Punishment Negative Subtraction from (Time-out from something Reinforcement environ. fun) (Tylenol for a headache)
Continuous vs. Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement ✤ ✤ Continuous: learning occurs rapidly, this reinforcement is preferable until a behavior is mastered; however, extinction also happens more rapidly Intermittent: learning is slower, but it produces greater resistance to extinction
Reinforcement Schedules ✤ ✤ Fixed-Ratio Schedule: dependent on the behavior itself- a certain number of behaviors are necessary before reinforcement occurs (punch cards) Variable-Ratio Schedule: reinforcement after an unpredictable # of responses (slot machines) Fixed-Interval Schedule: involves a time element- time must pass before reinforcement will occur (expecting a delivery) Variable-Interval Schedule: reinforces the first response after varying time intervals (checking email)
Classical or Operant?
Classical or Operant?
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