Learning Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning type of learning

Learning: Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning § type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment § Law of Effect § Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Operant Conditioning § ________ (1904 -1990) § elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect § developed behavioral technology

Operant Chamber § _______ § chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer § contains devices to record responses

Operant Conditioning § ____ § any event that ______ the behavior it follows § _____ § operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward _____________ of a desired goal

Punishment § ______ § aversive event that _____ the behavior that it follows § powerful controller of unwanted behavior

Punishment

Operant Conditioning Big Bang Theory

The Garcia effect z. People get sick after eating at a restaurant so they won’t eat at that restaurant, even if they know the food was safe.

Shaping z. A procedure in Operant Conditioning in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a goal.

Principles of Reinforcement § _____ Reinforcer § _____ reinforcing stimulus § i. e. , satisfies a biological need § Ex: Food, Sleep, Air, Water, Sex § ______ aka Conditioned Reinforcer § stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its ______ with primary reinforcer § Ex/ Money, Cars, Grades, Clicker training even…

Schedules of Reinforcement § Continuous Reinforcement § reinforcing the desired response _____ it occurs § Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement § reinforcing a response only _______ § results in slower acquisition § greater resistance to extinction

Schedules of Reinforcement § Fixed Ratio (FR) § reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses § faster you respond the more rewards you get § different ratios § very high rate of responding § like piecework pay

Schedules of Reinforcement § _____ Ratio (VR) § reinforces a response after an ______ number of responses § average ratios § like gambling, fishing § ___________ because of unpredictability

Schedules of Reinforcement § Fixed Interval (FI) § reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed § response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

Schedules of Reinforcement § Variable Interval (VI) § reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals § produces slow steady responding § like pop quiz

Cognition and Operant Conditioning § Cognitive Map § mental representation of the layout of one’s environment § Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it § Latent Learning § learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Latent Learning

Cognition and Operant Conditioning § Overjustification Effect § the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do § the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task

Cognition and Operant Conditioning § Intrinsic Motivation § Desire to perform a behavior for _____________ § Extrinsic Motivation § Desire to perform a behavior due to _______________

Operant vs Classical Conditioning

Observational Learning § _______ Learning § learning by ________ § Modeling § process of _____ and _____ a specific behavior § Prosocial Behavior § positive, constructive, helpful behavior § _____ of _____ behavior

Observational Learning § ________ § frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so § may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy

What is Social Learning Theory? z Albert Bandura: Bobo doll. We learn by observing the behavior of others and from imagining the consequences of our own behavior.

Social Learning Theory Cont. z. Modeling: we imitate people who we y_____ y. Identify with y. View as _____ z____ Reinforcement and Punishment

Bobo Doll Experiment z. Albert Bandura allowed children to watch an adult play with a bobo doll. z. The experimental group watched a video of an adult playing violently with the doll z. The control group watched a boring video. z. The experimental group children imitated the violent behavior.