Learning Objectives 3 1 6 principles of immunology

Learning Objectives 3. 1. 6 (principles of immunology) • • The use of vaccines to provide protection for individuals and populations against disease. The effects of antigenic variability in the influenza virus and other pathogens on immunity.

Acquired Immunity Naturally acquired Active • Antigens enter body naturally • Antibodies & specialised lymphocytes produced Passive Artificially acquired Active • Antibodies pass from mother to foetus • Antigens are introduced in vaccines • Infant does not produce any antibodies of its own = temporary • Antibodies & specialised lymphocytes produced Passive • Antibodies are introduced in an immune serum • Body does not produce any antibodies of its own

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Influenza vaccine Use the information sheet to help you answer the following questions in full sentences: 1. What is in the ‘flu vaccine? 2. Why can you feel ‘flu symptoms sometimes after the jab? 3. Why does it take upto 10 days for the jab to become effective? 4. Why are certain people such as the elderly given the ‘flu jab for free? 5. Why can’t people who are hypersensitive / allergic to hens eggs be given the ‘flu jab? 6. Why is the ‘flu jab changed every year?

Influenza http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=m 8 Gost 6 nn. CA http: //news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/health/8025994. stm

True or False? 1. There are two categories of ‘flu 2. Approximately 12, 500 people die every ‘flu season in England Wales 3. The ‘flu vaccine is prepared in hen’s eggs 4. Everybody is entitled to a free ‘flu jab 5. The ‘flu vaccine provides lifetime immunity

Neuraminidase – helps virus to escape from cells RNA – genetic material for replication. Mutates more often than DNA. Haemagglutinin helps virus to invade cells

Antigenic Variability 1. Antigenic drift 2. Antigenic shift

Herd Immunity • Only applies to diseases that are caught from other people (contagious) • Contagious diseases should be vaccinated against in a large number of people at the same time • This gives ‘herd immunity’ • General immunity in the population provided by sufficient numbers of people being vaccinated • Little opportunity to spread and find a nonimmune person

Vaccination Hidden flu clue http: //news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk/7618657. stm Aristocrat exhumed http: //news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/england/humber/7 617968. stm

Swine Flu http: //news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/health/8275815. stm