Learning HSP 3 M Conditioned Learning Definition Acquiring

Learning HSP 3 M

Conditioned Learning § Definition: Acquiring patterns of behaviour in the presence of an environmental stimulus § i. e. learning to respond to a particular stimulus in a particular way § Two types: § Classical Conditioning § Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning § Key figure: Ivan Pavlov § Pavlov’s dog § Involves learning to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another § Sounded bell right before giving the dog food § Initially, the food caused the dogs to salivate § Eventually the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell alone

Classic Conditioning another Example Telephone Ringing (CS) Conversation with Friend (UCS) Telephone Ringing (CS) – Conditioned Stimulus (UCS) – Unconditioned Stimulus (UCR) – Unconditioned Response (CR) – Conditoned Response Happiness (UCR) Happiness (CR)

Classical Conditioning § An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) to turn an unconditioned response (UCR) to a conditioned response (CR) 1. 2. 3. UCS UCR UCS + CS UCR CS CR

Stimulus or Response? § § § § § A flashing light Answering this practice exercise A stop sign An ant crawling on your arm Vomiting Coughing Seeing and then smelling a piece of chocolate cake Laughing Screaming A feather tickling your arm

Identify the US, UR, CS, and CR in the following examples. § The overhead in Ms. D’s lab has a short circuit and gives her a shock every time she touches it. After a while Ms. D hesitates every time she is about to touch the overhead. § John gets hungry every time he goes into the kitchen. § Tom hates the sight of cats, because he is allergic to them § Your dog comes running every time he hears the can opener

Operant Conditioning § Key figure: BF Skinner § Wondered if Pavlov’s idea of stimulus response could explain more complex human behaviour § Skinner realized that most behaviour is not the result of the pairing of unrelated stimuli § Skinner put a rat in a cage that had a bar that, when pushed, would drop a food pellet into the cage § The rat randomly pushed the bar and got food § The next time it pushed the bar, it got more food § Eventually it pushed the bar constantly, knowing it would get food

Operant Conditioning § Using rewards to reinforce behaviours, and punishments to discourage them – the process of changing behaviour by following a response with reinforcement § Positive reinforcement: an event/condition that increases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccur § Negative reinforcement: an event/condition that decreases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccur

Operant Conditioning § Which do you think is more effective, rewards, or punishment?

Observational Learning § Key Figure: Albert Bandura § Believes strongly in NURTURE § Studied MODELING and IMITATING § Behaviour that is not conditioned, but repeated based on seeing someone else do it § Think about playing sports, driving a car etc. § Most of our early skills are learned through observation

Observational Learning 1. Attention: Paying attention to the behaviour of others 2. Retention: Remembering what you’ve observed (how they did it, the result) 3. Reproduction: Trying it yourself (practicing) 4. Motivation: Believing that the skill is useful enough to practice (can be internal or external)

Memory

See if you can remember this: 76512 830956 7459271 88325813 447143563 4765439679 . . .

Draw the image on a loonie from memory

Can you remember the names of all your teachers from grade school?

Memory § The capacity to acquire, retain, and recall knowledge and skills § Episodic memory: remembering things from the past § Semantic memory: knowledge of how the world works § Procedural memory: knowing how to do things

3 Levels of Memory § Sensory Memory § Based on 5 senses § Only recorded for a few seconds – once you’ve recorded the necessary information, the sensory memory fades § Examples: § Taste of sandwich in your mouth § Sight of a squirrel crossing the road § Feel of chair against your back

3 Levels of Memory § Short-term memory § What’s going on in your conscious mind right now § Holds information for 15 -20 seconds § Most people can remember about 7 separate, unorganized items in short term memory § Can work with more if you organize it into groups § Example: someone tells you their phone number and you punch it into your cell phone

3 Levels of Memory § Long-term Memory § Which is easier to remember, the name of a friend, or the name of the waiter at the last restaurant you dined at? § If it’s important to you, you’ll remember it § Long-term memory is unlimited, but we not always be able to recall the information

3 Levels of Memory § Tricks to improving your long term memory? § Ascribe personal meaning § Mnemonic device § Recall items regularly § Organization