Learning How have we adapted to our constantly

Learning How have we adapted to our constantly changing environments?

Ivan Pavlov (important person)

Learning Definition � Learning: ◦ Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice �(Change that occurs naturally and is controlled by our biological make-up = maturation)

Ivan Pavlov

Classical Conditioning � Coined by Ivan Pavlov � Stumbled upon while doing research on the digestive system of dogs (including levels of salivation) � Noticed that dogs would start salivating (a natural reflex) even before food was given to them (when they saw just the bowl)

Classical Conditioning Elements � Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) � Unconditioned Response (UCR) ◦ Some object/thing/sound/etc. that produces a natural response ◦ Involuntary response (reflex) � Neutral Stimulus (NS) ◦ Some stimuli that does NOT initially produce a response � Conditioned Stimulus (CS) � Conditioned Response (CR) ◦ When a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a UCS. . . the stimulus can illicit the UCR. . it then becomes a conditioned stimulus ◦ When the UCR happens to the CS (learned response to the CR)

Ivan Pavlov

Label the following in your notes: � Terms ◦ ◦ ◦ UCS UCR NS CS CR to label: � Situation: Pavlov’s Dogs

What were the following for Pavlov’s picture? ◦ UCS ◦ UCR ◦ NS ◦ CR

Roommate Classical Conditioning � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Eo 7 jc. I 8 f Au. I

Zimbardo Clip � http: //www. learner. org/series/discoveringps ychology/08/e 08 expand. html � [3: 30 - 11: 40]

What responses are conditioned in you? � Pair-Share Discussion

Stimulus Generalization � Occurs when a response spreads from one specific stimulus to other stimuli that resemble the original ◦ Pavlov’s dog example: �responding to any bell sound, no matter what pitch ◦ Human Example: �Someone who responds to fear at sound of dentist drill may also cringe when hearing the coffee grinder � Little Albert. . . more to come � Think about it. . . � If stimulus generalization had occurred with someone who had learned to be afraid of the ocean, what other things could cause a fear response in that person? ◦ (a lake, river, bathtub, pool)

Stimulus Discrimination � the ability to respond differently to distinct stimuli. ◦ Pavlov’s dog example: �only responding to one type of bell ◦ Another Example: �Whenever you come home from work, the first thing you do is feed your dog. As a result, your dog gets excited as soon as he hears your car pulling up at the driveway, barking and running to the door. �Eventually, he begins to get excited as soon as any family member arrives in their car, thinking that he will get fed as well. �Everytime he hears any car pull up at the driveway, he starts barking and running to the door. � That is Stimulus Generalization. �But if none of the other family members ever feed the dog as soon as they arrive home, your dog eventually learns that it is only the sound of your car pulling up at the driveway that's worth getting excited about. � That is Stimulus Discrimination, because he learns to distinguish only the specific sound that means food is coming, and learns to ignore all other car sounds as not relevant to his getting fed

Extinction � the gradual loss of an association over time. The conditioned response (CR) will gradually die out ◦ Pavlov’s dogs example: �After the bell was rung without the presence of food, the dogs would drool, but over time, just the ringing didn’t produce drooling � The bell no longer predicted food, so the CR died out � Don’t forget that learning is relatively permanent though. .

Spontaneous recovery � After extinction, the conditioned response can briefly reappear when the original conditioned stimulus (CS) returns � Response is usually weak, short-lived, but there ◦ Pavlov’s dog example: �After a few weeks without the bell and when the drooling response to it was seemingly extinct, Pavlov rang the bell and the dogs all drooled for a short time. ◦ Human example: bottom page 186

Graph Interpretation

Higher Order Conditioning 1. strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus 2. neutral stimulus becomes a seconditioned stimulus

Another example of Higher-Order Conditioning and Pavlov’s Dogs

Discuss � In what way do you think classical conditioning helps with advertising?

Classical Conditioning in Ads (borrowed from: “Mr. Scholls” North. Hampton H. S. ) � Ways • • • in which classical conditioning helps sell… Pairing popular music together with products in ads to generate positive feelings Consistently advertising a product on an exciting game show may result in the product itself generating excitement Christmas music played in a story may trigger happy memories in a consumer’s mind persuading them to enter the store � Before we have heard of a product, it is Neutral. If we associate the product (N) with pleasant images (UCS), which produce pleasant feelings (UCR), the product (CS) will later create pleasant feelings (CR).

Let’s say you have a beverage commercial that includes barely clothed models drinking the product. Conditioning is taking place. UCS: barely clothed models UCR: pleasant feelings Neutral: beverage product CS: the product CR: pleasant feelings

Conditioned Emotional Response � Little Albert ◦ Researchers: John Watson and Rosalie Rayner ◦ This type of experiment is known as aversive conditioning because it uses more negative approaches � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=FMnhy. Go z. Ly. E

Classical Conditioning UCS Kiss CS Sight of Significant Other UCS Kiss UCR Racing Heart

Phobias �A type of conditioned emotional response � What is one of your phobias? Can you think of how it might have been conditioned? � Phobias of non-dangerous things difficult to condition (like flowers). . . raisins. . . pickles ◦ https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ta-FGE 7 QELQ ◦ https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=z. Otk. Lm. Xx. IG 4 � Page 189 textbook video on the treatment of phobias with conditioning

Taste Aversions � Know this name: John Garcia � Found that taste aversions don’t need repeated trials to be conditioned ◦ Things like fear and nausea, which are helpful to survival, tend to be conditioned with stimuli quickly � The ease of acquiring taste aversions is known as the “Garcia Effect”

Learned Helplessness and C. Cond. � Conditioned in an aversive situation. . . may feel helpless to change situation and stop trying at all � Human example: ◦ a woman who feels shy in social situations may eventually begin to feel that there is nothing she can do to overcome her symptoms. This sense that her symptoms are out of her direct control may lead her to stop trying to engage herself in social situations, thus making her shyness even more pronounced.