Learning Definition of Learning a persisting change in

Learning

Definition of Learning “a persisting change in human performance or performance potential. . . brought about as a result of the learner’s interaction with the environment” (Driscoll, 1994, pp. 8 -9)

Definition of Learning “the relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or behavior due to experience” (Mayer, 1982, p. 1040)

Definition of Learning “an enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of experience” (Shuell, 1986, p. 412)

Definition of Learning “any change in a person or his behavior as a result of experience” (Burton) “any change produced in the learner” (Thorndike)

Definition of Learning “modification of inherited responses and the acquisition of new experiences” (Freeman) “modification of the reaction of the organism through experience” (Colvin)

Definition of Learning “any change that may take place in one through the influence of the outside world, whether the influence is a person or a thing, good or bad” (Thomas)

Definition of Learning is defined as relative permanent change in behavior as a result of experience , practice, or both

Definition of Learning CHANGE

Results of Learning • Knowledge and information • Habits and skills • Attitudes and appreciations

Results of Learning • Knowledge and information = Cognitive Objectives • Habits and skills = Psychomotor Objectives • Attitudes and appreciations = Affective Objectives

Factors Affecting Learning Motivation • Arouses interest in, provides an objective and directs toward a goal • Motivation facilitates learning • Allows behavior to be elicited Reinforcement • Learning may be made through the use of audio-visual aids, reviews, drills, and other means • A reward which increases probability of a response in a particular situation

Primary & Secondary Reinforcement • Primary Reinforcement - food , drink , sex (satisfies an instinctual desire) • Secondary Reinforcement - have acquired value and are not necessary for survival (such as Grades , Money , Positions)

Positive Reinforcement • occur when a reward or pleasant stimulus is administered after some behavior has been performed. • For example , if a child cleans his room and his parents reward him with extra spending money , his behavior has been positively reinforced

Negative Reinforcement • • • Refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a certain behavior has been performed. In this case , the avoidance or the termination of the unpleasantness is the reward or reinforcer. In other words Negative reinforcers are anything a subject will work to avoid or terminate.

Factors Affecting Learning Extinction • Let something die out or be forgotten by disuse Association • The more connections are made with a subject, the better it will be learned and retained • Implies a connection in time and place between two events Interest • It will facilitate learning and be its own motivation

Factors Affecting Learning Reward or Punishment • It should be immediate for it to be effective • Good = Reward / Bad = Punishment Recency • Learning should be made recent in the minds of learners so that they will not forget what they have learned • Frequent reviews take care of this Laws of Learning • Law of Readiness • Law of Exercise • Law of Effect

Kinds of Learning • Pillsbury –Direct Experience –Indirect Experience

Kinds of Learning • Burnham –Congenital –Temporary –Permanent

Kinds of Learning • Ruch –Sensory Learning –Motor Learning –Verbal Learning –Ideational Learning –Attitudinal Learning

Management of Learning • Have a fixed place and time for study • Remove distractions • Concentrate • Read the assignment

Management of Learning • Make use of study tools • Space your learning of different subjects so as to avoid inhibition • Review, so as to prevent forgetting