Learning 7 9 Learning durable change in behavior

Learning (7 -9%) Learning – durable change in behavior as a result of experience Classical Conditioning/”Pavlovian” conditioning – a type of learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Elements of Classical Conditioning �Unconditioned stimulus (US) ◦ A stimulus that automatically causes a specific response in an organism ◦ An example of a US would be food �Unconditioned response (UR) ◦ The response caused by a US ◦ The UR is automatic and unlearned ◦ An example of an UR is salivation in response to food

Elements of Classical Conditioning �Conditioned Stimulus stimulus (CS) / Neutral ◦ A formerly neutral stimulus that is paired with an US and eventually causes the desired response all by itself ◦ An example of a CS is the bell in Pavlov’s studies �Conditioned response (CR) ◦ The learned response to the CS ◦ An example is salivation in response to the bell

Pavlov’s Dog https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=asm. Xy. Ja. XBC 8

Handout Matrix Before Conditioning During Learning/Conditioning After learning/Conditioning UCS(US) - Food Elicits…. . NS (introduced) Bell + Food (associative learning) CS - Hearing Bell CR - Salivation UCR - Salivate

Classical Conditioning In Humans Many phobias are the result of classical conditioning John B. Watson – The “Little Albert” experiment demonstrated a classically conditioned phobia https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=9 h. Bfn. XACs. OI https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=hsr 8 Js. Ur 6 k. U

Videos �The Office ◦ https: //vimeo. com/35754924 �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=BB 7 AIrt 06 ck �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hf TTm-rg. FFI

Operant Conditioning – a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior’s occurrence. Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect – positive outcomes = strengthened behavior; negative outcome = weakened behavior https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Vk 6 H 7 Ukp 6 To Reinforcement – event following a response Increase the response More likely to strengthen a response if the outcome follows immediately Skinner’s Box (B. F. Skinner)

Operant Conditioning Videos �https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=I_c t. Jqjlr. HA �http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=t 0 im og_w. Zlo

Types of Reinforcement �Positive �Negative reinforcement (+) reinforcement (-) ◦ Adds something rewarding following a behavior, making that behavior more likely to occur again ◦ Giving a dog a treat for fetching a ball is an example ◦ Removes something unpleasant from the environment following a behavior, making that behavior more likely to occur again ◦ Taking an aspirin to relieve a headache is an example

Types of Punishment �Positive Punishment ◦ Traditional punishment ◦ Adding unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior ◦ Needing to do chores �Negative Punishment ◦ Removing pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior ◦ Taking away phone privileges

Operant Conditioning (Con’t) Punishment – when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response i. e. , being grounded for receiving an F • How to make punishment effective: Apply punishment swiftly Use punishment just severe enough to be effective Make punishment consistent Explain the punishment •

New Learning Based on Original Learning ◦ Primary reinforcer �naturally rewarding �Food, water, sex ◦ Secondary reinforcer �Acquire rewarding properties by being associated with primary reinforcers �Provide ability to obtain primary reinforcer �Example would be money

Operant Conditioning (Con’t) Schedules of reinforcement: • Continuous Reinforcement – every instance of a designated response is reinforced. Often used for shaping • Intermittent reinforcement – designated response is reinforced only some of the time Makes a response more resistant to extinction

Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement Ratio Schedules – Certain number of times/ Responses Fixed Ratio – reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses i. e. , rat is reinforced for every tenth lever press Variable Ratio – reinforcement is given after a variable number or responses i. e. , a slot machine

Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement Interval Schedules – require a time period to present reinforcement Fixed Interval – reinforcement is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time i. e. , a rat is reinforced for the first lever press after a 2 minute interval has elapsed /then waits 2 minutes Variable Interval – reinforcement is given for the first response after a variable time has elapsed i. e. , a person repeatedly dials a busy phone number (getting through is the reinforcer)

Learned Helplessness �Failure to try to avoid an unpleasant stimulus because in the past it was unavoidable �Possible model for depression in humans �https: //www. youtube. c om/watch? v=Z 73 P 47 NCxo. M

Comparing Classical And Operant Conditioning � 5 ◦ ◦ ◦ Pavlovian and Skinner Terms Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination

Acquisition �Classical �Operant conditioning ◦ Naturally occurring responses are attached to conditioned stimulus by pairing that stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus ◦ Spacing of trials effects rate of training ◦ Learning process in which desired responses are followed by reinforcers ◦ Shaping, reinforcing successive approximations to a target behavior, can speed up acquisition

Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery �Classical �Operant conditioning ◦ Extinction - US and CS are no longer paired, eliminating the CR ◦ Spontaneous recovery occurs when the CR temporarily returns without additional training ◦ Extinction occurs when reinforcement is stopped, eliminating the conditioned behavior ◦ Spontaneous recovery occurs when behavior temporarily returns without additional training

Generalization and Discrimination �Classical �Operant conditioning ◦ Stimulus generalization ◦ Response generalization �Organism learns to respond to other similar stimuli ◦ Stimulus discrimination �Organism learns to respond only to specific stimuli �Stimulus generates similar responses ◦ Response discrimination �Only specific responses are reinforced in the presence of specific stimuli

Examples of Generalization and Discrimination � Classical conditioning – Stimulus Generalization � Pavlov’s dog salivating to other sounds not just the bell conditioning – Stimulus Discrimination � Pavlov’s dog only salivating to the bell and no other sounds ◦ Pavlov gave food to the dog only after ringing the bell and not after any other sounds

Examples of Generalization and Discrimination � Operant conditioning – Response � Generalization � When a student who gets excellent grades in a calculus class by studying the material every night starts to study psychology and history every night as well � Operant conditioning – Response Discrimination � You go to a restaurant that has a “University Student Discount” sign in the front window. You enthusiastically flash your student ID. Without the sign, showing your ID might not get you anything.

Observational Learning Observational learning – organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. A type of social learning. Albert Bandura: Reinforcement influences performance rather than learning https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=zer. CK 0 l. Rjp 8 Basic Processes: Attention Reproduction Motivation

Explain Social Learning Theory �Modeling occurs through four processes: ◦ ◦ Attention Reproduction Motivation

Explain Social Learning Theory �Attention ◦ A child pays attention to a model. ◦ In Bobo experiment #1, the children attended to how the models verbally and physically behaved toward the Bobo doll

Explain Social Learning Theory �Retention ◦ Children retain the observations for later use ◦ Retention, or learning, was measured by asking the children to repeat the scenes they observed

Explain Social Learning Theory �Reproduction ◦ Children’s behavior in spontaneous play tested the reproduction of what the children observed ◦ While both male and female children showed that they retained the same behaviors, boys reproduced the aggressive behaviors in spontaneous play far more often than the girls

Explain Social Learning Theory �Motivation ◦ The motivation is the anticipated consequences for reproducing the modeled behaviors ◦ Boys receive rewards more often for using aggression than girls ◦ This is the explanation for why boys produce the aggression

Social Learning Theory �Vicarious learning ◦ When you see something happen to another person, you process the information and learn from their successes and failures �External ◦ The Bobo experiments demonstrate vicarious reinforcement in the lab �Vicarious reinforcement �Vicarious punishment

Social Learning Theory �A model rewarded for a behavior is more effective than modeling without a reward �Second, if a model goes unpunished for an undesirable behavior, it increases similar acts in the observer �Third, the vicarious viewing of punished behavior reduces similar acts by the observer

Latent Learning and Cognitive Maps �Latent learning is learning that takes place before the subject realizes it and is not immediately reflected in behavior ◦ Experiment with C. H. Honzik in 1930 ◦ The mice with no previous reinforcement stored the maze internally in some way but not yet reflected in their behavior ◦ When they were given a good reason (a food reward) to run the maze quickly, they put their latent learning to use �A cognitive map is latent learning stored as a mental image

Key Terms Checklist � Classical conditioning � Unconditioned stimulus � Unconditioned response � Conditioned/neutral stimulus � Conditioned response � Ivan Pavlov � John B. Watson � Operant conditioning � Edward Thorndike � B. F. Skinner � Positive reinforcement � Negative reinforcement � Primary reinforcer � Secondary reinforcer � Learned helplessness � Acquisition � Extinction � Spontaneous recovery � Generalization � Discrimination � Observational learning � Albert Bandura � Modeling � Latent learning