LC1114 Communicating technology Giving and receiving feedback Definitions

LC-1114 Communicating technology • Giving and receiving feedback • Definitions (A 3)

How to give and receive feedback

Warm-up discussion • What is the difference between feedback and criticism? • Why is it difficult to give feedback? • Why is it difficult to hear feedback? • What kind of feedback is efficient?

Why is giving feedback hard? You… • consider feedback negative and unhelpful • are concerned that the person will not like you. • think the other person cannot handle the feedback. • have had negative experiences before and feel the feedback is not worth the risk.

Why is receiving feedback hard? You… • have had negative experiences before. • feel the need to justify and rationalize instead of listening to feedback. • think that feedback diminished your selfworth.

What kind of feedback is effective? • Descriptive, specific & performance focused. • Timely • Balanced: positive & negative • Solution-focused

The Hamburger Model People can handle feedback better if it is The picture and the examples you used in the presented withwere positive aspects Ias well. introduction very compelling. was immediately intrigued and wanted to hear more. 1. When Startyou with something (”the stated the purposepositive of the presentation, you said it quite fast. I think it is important to say bun”) that as clearly and calmly as possible. Perhaps 2. ”The iscan thetryconstructive part. nextbeef” time you to emphasize it more. Don’t start with ’BUT’ or ’HOWEVER’. With a clearer purpose, you will have a perfect 3. Conclude withintroduction! something positive again (”the bun”)

Receiving feedback • Listen to it and accept it positively (for consideration) rather than dismissively (for self-protection). • Pause and think before responding. • Ask for it to be repeated if you did not hear it clearly. • Ask for clarification and examples if statements are unclear or unsupported. • Ask for suggestions for improvement. • Respect and thank the person giving feedback.

Exercise: step 1 • Take a slip of paper. • Write your name on it. • Write 2 -3 sentences about how you like to study (where, what time, how long)

Exercise: step 2 • Pass the paper to your partner. • Take a look at the slip of paper you got from your partner. • Give your partner feedback on their handwriting using the hamburger model. (say something positive, say something they could improve on, conclude with positive. )

Exercise: step 3 • Another try! • Give your partner feedback on their study habits using the hamburger model. (say something positive, say something they could improve on, conclude with positive. )

Definitions (A 3 Description of solution)

What is a definition? • A definition answers the question “what is it”? • A definition gives readers information about the meanings of terms and concepts. 13

Task 4 -1 Each of these sentences has an element of information which is vague for most readers. Identify and underline the terms that need explaining. The. Marsmissionwas wasoriginallyfundedtotolast 90 90 sols (one sol last 90 sols (One sol equals 1. 1. The and to end equals 24. 65 and hours) and to April. end last April. 24. 65 hours) to end last The. MSL Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) scheduled be launchedon on The Mars (MSL) scheduled totobe launched 2. 2. MSL The is scheduled is. Science scheduled to. Laboratory be tolaunched be launched on September onisis September 15, 2009. September 3. The rover can perform all planned operations under solar panel power Therovercan canperformall allplanned operations (e. g. , driving, 3. 3. The all planned operations driving, alone. operations under(e. g. , solar panel power communicating, imaging)undersolarpanelpoweralone. communicating, 4. The Mars rover will seek samples that have minerals deposited by water. The. Mars roverwillseeksamplesthathavemineralsdepositedby bywater 4. 4. The related processes. rover water-related processes, such as precipitation, evaporation, or related processes. sedimentary cementation. 5. sedimentary The space mission cementation. will carry more advanced scientific instruments than 5. The any other spacemissionever will carry sent to more Mars. advanced scientific instruments than Theother space mission willcarryto more advancedscientific instruments 5. 5. The any space mission ever will sent more Mars. advanced instruments thanother any mission other mission evertosent to Mars, including those for any ever sent Mars. 14 analysis of samples scooped up from the soil.

Task 4 -2: Which one of these definitions is the most effective? What makes the others less effective? a) b) c) d) e) Anmp 3 player is used when playing mp 3 files. An player is used when playing mp 3 files. A media player is used a what? usedtransfer, to store, and transfer, and digital play back to store, play back media. digital A media player is a device which can be used to store, transfer, and play back digital media, such as mp 3 files and various video clips. media player an electronic device. It be canused be used to store, AAmedia player is aniselectronic device. It can to store, transfer, and play back digital media. For example, ititcan canbe beused to play mp 3 files and various video clips. Themediaplayerisisthe device be used in storing, The device that can be used in storing, transferring, and playing back digital media, such as mp 3 files and various video clips. 15

How much information do readers need? • Always define new terms and concepts. • Define terms you use in a non-standard way • Define the terms you use if you are unsure readers will understand them. • The less readers know about the topic, the more you need to explain the terms using language they can understand. 16

Types of Definition 1. Parenthetical definition 2. Sentence definition 3. Extended definition 17

1. Parenthetical definition A A parenthetical definition explains aa term briefly in in parenthesis between commas using synonyms parenthesis or or between commas using synonyms or or examples. Examples: A A term (definition) A term, definition, The Mars mission was originally funded to last 90 sols (One sol equals 24. 65 hours) and to end last April. A term, definition, The Mars mission was originally funded to last 90 sols, the equivalent of 90 Mars days, and come to an end last April. 18

1. Parenthetical definition Common phrases used in parenthetical definitions • e. g. • such as • including • i. e. driving, communicating, The rover can perform all planned operations, (e. g. , imaging, etc. using solar panel power alone. driving, imaging) under solar panel driving, communicating, imaging , under solar panel power alone. The Mars rover will seek samples that have minerals precipitation, evaporation, deposited by water-related processessedimentary , such as cementation, etc. precipitation, evaporation, and sedimentary cementation. The Mars mars rover has been designed to perform VARIOUS imaging, driving, etc. imaging, driving, and drilling. tasks, drilling, including On Mars, the average duration between two successive 11 hours, (i. e. , risings of Phobos is just over 11 hours, because i. e. , Phobos rises sets and twice sets every twice Martian every day). Martian rises and sets twice every Martian day.

2. Sentence definitions Good sentence definitions consists of three elements: 1. Term = object / concept to be defined 2. Class = group to which the object belongs 3. Characteristic. S = specific details that separate it from others in the same class 20

2. Sentence definition TERM = CLASS + that CHARACTERISTICS A car is a motor vehicle A media player is an eletronic device A house mouse is a small rodent that lives in a tiny hole and eats cheese. An optical mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting twodimensional motion relative to its supporting surface. A CEO is a person who is in charge of a corporation. A university is an organization which is used for transporting passengers. can be used to store, transfer, and play back digital media, such as mp 3 files and various video clips. where / research and teaching is in which performed by scientists 21

Task 4 -3: The terms and the characteristics are given in the following sentence definitions. Add the missing superordinates to describe the class of things these objects/concepts belong to. approach compound field mechanism procedure technology component device tool method process measure 1. A A machine is is any _____ 1. uses energy to perform some device uses energy to some activity. device thatthat uses energy to perform some activity. 2. Water distillation is _____ a process which volatile gases are removed in in which volatile gases are removed in 2. Water distillationchamber. ischamber. _____ in which volatile gases are removed in aa degasification chamber. aindegasification chamber. 3. Body mass index (BMI) is a _____ of of body fatfat based onon height and based height a measure of body fat based on height _____ 3. Body mass index (BMI) is of body based on height and weight that applies to both adult menmen and women. and to both and women. and weight that applies to _____ both adult men andfat women. weight that applies to both adult men and women. 4. Methane is is aa chemical _____ compound molecular formula _____ with the molecular formula CH 4. 4. 4. Methane is a chemical _____ with the molecular formula CH 4. 22

3. Extended definition • Extended Definitions usually begin with a sentence definition. What other information can be added to amplify your definition? 23

3. Extended definitions Eight methods for amplifying an extended definition: 1. Analysis of parts (What are its parts? classes? types? ) 2. Operating principles (How does it work? ) 3. Applications / Examples (How is it used or applied? ) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Analogy/ Comparison (Is it similar to something familiar? ) History (What is its origin? Who developed it? ) Advantages/ problems (What are its strengths/limitations? ) Requirements (What is needed to make it work? ) Physical appearance/ features (What does it look like? What are its characteristic features? ) 24

Task 4 -4 Extended definitions Take a look at the excerpts taken from extended definitions. Which method of amplification (1 -8) has been used in each? A. The term RADAR was coined in 1941 as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. The term has since entered the English language as a standard word, radar, losing the capitalization. Radar was originally called RDF (Radio Direction Finder) in the United Kingdom. 5. History Etymology. B. The technique of holography can also be used to optically store, retrieve, and process information. While holography is commonly used to display static 3 -D pictures, it is not yet possible to generate arbitrary scenes by a holographic volumetric display. 6. Problems/Disadvantages C. A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device. It produces electricity from fuel (on the anode side) and an oxidant (on the cathode side), which react in the presence of an electrolyte. The reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction products flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains within it. Fuel cells can operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows are 25 maintained. 2. Operating principle process

Task 4 -4 Take a look at the excerpts taken from extended definitions. Which method of amplification (1 -8) has been used in each? D. Fuel cells differ from electrochemical cell batteries in that they consume reactant, which must be replenished, whereas batteries store electrical energy chemically in a closed system. Additionally, while the electrodes within a battery react and change as a battery is charged or discharged, a fuel cell's electrodes are catalytic and relatively stable. 4. Comparison E. A lighter is a portable device used to create a flame. It consists of a metal or plastic container filled with lighter fluid (usually naphtha or liquid butane under pressure), as well as a means of ignition and some provision for extinguishing the flame, by depriving it of either air or fuel. 1. Analysis of parts F. LEDs are widely used as indicator lights on electronic devices and increasingly in higher power applications such as flashlights and area lighting. In addition to lighting, interesting applications include using UV-LEDs for sterilization of water and disinfection of devices [4] and as a grow light to enhance photosynthesis in plants[5]. 3. Applications 26

Task 4 -5 Extended definitions Which amplification methods have been used in this extended definition? Which sentence provides the sentence definition? 11 1 A scannerisisaadevicethatanalysesaareal-worldobjectoror A 3 D 3 Dscanner environmenttotocollectdataon onits itsshapeand andpossiblyits itsappearance(e. g. colour)whichcan canbe beusedtotoconstructdigitalthree-dimensionalmodels. 222 Manydifferenttechnologiescan canbe beusedtotobuildthese 3 D-scanning devices; however, eachtechnologycomeswithits itsown ownlimitations, advantagesand andcosts. Sentence definition 1 Limitations 2 -3 33 Manylimitationsininthe thekindofofobjectsthatcan canbe bedigitisedare arestill present; for forexample, opticaltechnologiesencountermanydifficultieswith shiny, mirroringorortransparentobjects. 444 The Thecollected 3 D 3 Ddataisisusefulfor Applications aawidevarietyofofapplications. 555 Thesedevicesare areusedextensivelyby bythe entertainmentindustryininthe theproductionofofmoviesand andvideogames. 66 6 Other applicationsofofthistechnologyincludeindustrialdesign, Othercommonapplications orthoticsand andprosthetics, reverseengineeringand andprototyping, quality control/inspectionand anddocumentationofofculturalartefacts. 4 -6

Task 4 -5 Extended definitions Which amplification methods have been used in this extended definition? Which sentence provides the sentence definition? 77 The purpose of of aa 3 D 3 D scanner isis usually to to create aa point cloud of of geometric samples on on the surface of of the subject. 88 These points can then be be used to to extrapolate the shape of of the subject (a (a process Operating principle 7 -9 called reconstruction). 99 If. If colour information isis collected at at each point, itit isis also possible to to determine the colours on on the surface of of the subject. . 10 10 3 D 3 D scanners share several traits with cameras. 11 11 Similarly to to cameras, they have aa cone-like field of of view, and they can only collect information about surfaces that are not obscured. 12 12 Comparison 10 -14 While aa camera collects colour information about surfaces within its field of of view, aa 3 D 3 D scanner collects distance information about surfaces within its field of of view. 13 13 The "picture" produced by by aa 3 D 3 D scanner describes the distance to to aa surface at at each point in in the picture. This picture. 14 14 14 This allows the three dimensional position of of each point in in the picture identified. in the picture toto to bebe be identified. Operating principle? 13 -14

A 3: Description of the solution Write an extended definition of the solution from assignment 2. - - Topic the recommended solution to the problem identified in Assignment 2 Length 250 - 300 words - Include the following elements (Find A 3 instructions in My. Courses) Title (name of ‘solution’) Body section: extended definition of ‘solution’ Sentence definition 3 -4 types of defining information (amplification methods) In-text references to sources List of references (at least 2 -3 sources)