Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Finding the Value of
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Finding the Value of Water in a Hydrogen Economy March 31, 2008 Richard G. White, Noah Goldstein and Sonia Yeh NHA Annual Hydrogen Conference Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P. O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551 This work performed under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC 52 -07 NA 27344 UCRL-XXXX-12345
Overview § § § Project Overview The Hydrogen-Water Connection Hydrogen – Water Tradeoffs H 2 -W Regional Scorecards Conclusions Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 2
Our Objective: Understanding the value of water in a hydrogen economy • Characterize the water components for hydrogen production • Establish a framework for evaluating potential waterrelated obstacles to the adoption of hydrogen at large scale Inside the plant gate § § § Quantity and quality Capital cost O&M cost Water intensity New technology Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Outside the plant gate § § Water source reliability Quality of source water Demographic changes Environmental and climate constraints 3
Existing energy and water systems were created in an earlier “climate” § § § Water planning and infrastructure assumed low-cost energy Energy infrastructure and industry processes assumed water would be available Recent studies have examined this coupling: • DOE’s Multi-lab effort • CEC • EPRI • H 2 -Water (H 2 -W) impact study funded by DOE-EERE: Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 4
Water shortages have surprised many Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 5
Water Requirements are both Internal and External to the H 2 Production Process Regional Electricity Generation Mix: Hydrogen Production Facility: Embedded Water Use, Electricity Price Multiple Water Needs, Electricity Demand Cooling In Hydro Power plant water intensity $. 02/k. Wh Feedstock H 20 1, 111 L/kg H 2 @ 8¢/1000 gal 12. 6 L/kg H 2 @ $5/1000 gal (kg H 2 O / k. Wh) H 2 Wind Power water intensity $. 15/k. Wh ELECTROLYZER (kg H 2 O / k. Wh) Electricity Coal Power water intensity $. 05/k. Wh (kg H 2 O / k. Wh) O 2 52 k. Wh/kg H 2 Cooling Out 1, 111 L/kg H 2 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 6
Use Process Knowledge to Build Decision Tree: Anticipate The Use of Alternative Technologies Production Process Fuel Type Integral Water Intensity SMR Forecourt Liquid SMR Central Electrolysis Forecourt Grid Low Gas Medium High Electrolysis Central Grid Liquid Electrolysis Renewable Low Gas Medium Coal Gasification High Biomass Gasification Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7
Water intensity varies widely with technology choices Water Intensity (kg H 20/kg H 2) Water withdrawals used in the hydrogen production chain Source: Energy Demands on Water Resources: Report to Congress on Interdependency of Energy and Water 2006: NREL Hydrogen Supply: Costs Estimate for Hydrogen Pathways - Scoping Analysis, 2002 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 8
can significantly impact WTW hydrogen production intensity Water intensity has been dramatically reduced with adoption of new power plant cooling technologies Current average of U. S. withdrawal Typical withdrawal rates for new plants Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Source: Southern Illinois University. Water Use Benchmarks for Thermoelectric Plants. 2006 9
Water Cost : Management and water treatment Source: EPRI Use of Degraded Water Sources as Cooling Water in Power Plants. 2003 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 10
No single number captures the value of water: There are several constituencies and stakeholders Judges operate here Water managers operate here Industry operates here UN Department of Economic and Social Analysis, 2003 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 11
impacts: Scorecards for regional assessments • Scorecard for each region : A rank ordering of preferred technologies based on regional conditions • Score attributes are quantitative values built specifically around regional factors, addressing the issues associated with potential changes. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 12
from hydrogen market economics and regional economics Inside the Plant Operational Efficiency Direct Cost Marginal Cost of Recycling water (i. e. Cost to upgrade plant to lower water intensity) Reliable Water Indirect Cost Changes in water quantity and quality across seasons, years, decades. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Outside the Plant Market Efficiency Shadow price of water (i. e. Willingness to pay for incremental increase in water consumption at a given production level) Regional Impacts Opportunity cost of water for hydrogen production vs. personal, environmental, and social uses 13
to make transition to centralized H 2 production? Contaminated ground water (Qij, Pij) P Municipal Water (Qij, Pij) Forecourt Centralized Saline Water Agricultural return water (Qij, Pij) Contaminated ground water Agricultural return water Degraded water (Qij, Pij) Saline Water (Qij, Pij) Degraded water Municipal Water – i = region j = year Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory For each I and j Q 14
Conclusions: • Adoption of hydrogen as fuel could potentially have significant impact on water resources • Choice of technologies can have big impact on water impacts • Current trend in water intensity in electric power industry is downward • Adoption rates of hydrogen economy may be biased by regional water constraints Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 15
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