Law Enforcement Law Enforcement Role and Responsibility Major
Law Enforcement
Law Enforcement: Role and Responsibility Major emergency arm of the civic community st 1 gatekeeper Awareness agents Mediators Public Reassurance/Marketing/PR agents
Law Enforcement: Role and Responsibility Status quo maintainers Moral censors Custodians of the public conscience (these three components extract a heavy cost) Enforcers of state wishes Crime prevention would historically not be on this list, but it is becoming a component of 21 st century policing in America.
American Law Enforcement, by the numbers 765, 000 sworn officers 400, 000 PSO 18, 000 public agencies; spend $100 B/year 17, 900 state, county and city agencies 70 federal agencies 4, 000 private security firms; spend $60 B/year
Law Enforcement Role Wide range of debate as to the proper role of law enforcement in the community: Classic law enforcement (proactive v. reactive) Crime prevention Order maintenance (micro and macro) Social service providers
Law Enforcement Community Local: City police City attorney Regulatory agencies County: Sheriff County/District Attorney Regulatory agencies
Law Enforcement Community…continued State: State Police/State Patrol Fish and Game Wardens Correctional officials (probation, parole, pen) Attorney General Regulatory Agencies
Law Enforcement Community…continued Federal (70 agencies) Department of the Treasury: Internal Revenue Service Comptroller of the Currency Department of Justice: Federal Bureau of Investigation U. S. Marshal Service Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Prisons Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
Law Enforcement Community…continued Department of Homeland Security: Secret Service Customs and Border Protection Citizenship and Immigration Service Immigration and Customs Enforcement Coast Guard Transportation and Security Administration (TSA) Air Marshals Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
Law Enforcement Community…continued Miscellaneous Federal Agencies: Postal Inspectors National Park Service Officers Bureau of Indian Affairs Federal Probation Officers Supreme Court Police U. S. Capital Police U. S. Park Police National Art Gallery Police U. S. Park Police
Law Enforcement Community…continued Federal Prosecutors Federal Regulatory Agencies: FDA SEC EPA FAA OSHA FDIC
International Law Enforcement Interpol (est. 1923) - 194 countries; 760 staff; $130 M annual budget - based in Lyon, France Europol (est. 1992/operations began 1998) - 27 EU countries plus agreements with 25 additional countries and professional entities (ie. , Interpol, UNODC) - 1, 100 staff; $130 M annual budget - based in The Hague (Netherlands) United Nations? ? ?
Private Security $60 Billion/year; 2 million employees in multiple settings: Campus police at private schools Retail (shoplifiting/employee theft) Plant security Corporate security (this is huge) Private investigation firms (4, 000 of them) Private military contractors Bounty hunters/bail bond skip tracers
Problems with our fragmented, decentralized law enforcement network Limited coordination Limited cooperation Turf battles Service duplication Crime displacement Inconsistent crime responses
History of American Policing Our English heritage: Hue and Cry Shire Reeves Thief Takers Bow Street runners Thames River police Peterloo Massacre of 1819 Metropolitan Police Act of 1829
Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 The Duke of Wellington and Robert Peel learned from the past. They built the Metro Police Act on hundreds of years of experience: * Social service orientation (Hue and Cry) * Trained professionals (Thames River Police) * Paid by the State (Bow Street Runners) * Centrally organized (Thames River Police, Bow Street Runners) * No weapons (Bow Street runners) * Life and work in same beat (Hue and Cry, Shire Reeves) * Screen/background checks (Thames River Police) Police in UK still called Bobbies, after Sir Robert Peel
History of American Policing * First police force: Boston, 1838 (but is disbanded) New York City, 1844/1845 * Law Enforcement a post-Civil War phenomenon * August Vollmer – Father of professional law enforcement in America * Great Depression turns national attention to the need for improved/more professional law enforcement
Wickersham Commission (1931) Get the police out of politics Move the police into more of a kinetic, law enforcement orientation (crime control) Train the police Screen applicants
Presidential Crime Commission (1967) Re-affirmed three points of the Wickersham Commission report: * Get the police out of politics * Train the police * Screen applicants Added an education and research component Rejected the kinetic, law enforcer model for a social service/due process orientation Result - a far more professionalized, research-oriented law enforcement
Public Perception of Police What do we want to the police to do? Tremendous differences across demographic lines: Gender differences Racial differences Age differences Social class differences
Public Perception of Police Most positive image of the police is held by: White Middle-aged (50+ year of age) Females College Graduates Married White collar job Husband has a white collar job Good income Lives in a good neighborhood No police initiated contact
Public Perception of Police…continued Most negative image of the police is held by: Non-white Young (under 20 years of age) Male Grade school educated Single Manual laborer, if employed Lower income Lives in a poor neighborhood Some, but not extensive police initiated contact
Chang and Zastrow study Police tend to view the population in a negative light. In their study, Chang and Zastrow asked police who deserves our highest admiration: 1 - me (the person filling out the questionnaire) 2 - police officers 3 - medical doctors 4 - prison security officers 5 - scientists 6 - women 7 - people 8 - businessmen 9 - lawyers 10 - college students 11 - politicians 12 - inmates
Factors Influencing Police Decision Making Characteristics of the citizen Legal Characteristics of the problem Characteristics of the local legal culture Police department Local justice system actors Characteristics of officers Behavioral Demographic Officers as a group Officers as individuals Corruption (money and power)
Four Aspects of Policing Patrolling Specific Services Staff Support Custodial Facilities/Jails
Four Aspects of Policing…Patrolling * Time assignment logistics (cover 24 hrs/day, peak activity, court duty, vacations, sick leave) * Transport methods (cars, foot patrol, horses, • motorcycles, bicycles, helicopters, drones, boats, jeeps, snowmobiles, planes, scuba) * Response Time • - Citizen to police contact time delay - Processing time delay - Police travel time delay (Codes 0, 1, 2, 3)
Patrolling…continued Patrol Assignments * Orientation - Preventative patrol - Aggressive patrol * Distribution - Vacate an area - Saturate an area
Community Policing Evolution Kansas City Study Wilson response (saturation and aggressive) Cordner response (saturation and social service) Community Policing CAPS project in Chicago Problem Solving Policing Community Partnership Policing
Police Role The police role in the 21 st century is to be a part of a community team that seeks to improve the quality of neighborhood life in every context, crime being just one measure of that effort.
Four Aspects of Policing…continued * Special Services (investigators/detectives, undercover operatives, internal affairs, PSO, pilots, SWAT, forensic/crime scene specialists) * Staff Services (communications/dispatchers, crime lab techs, central filing staff, property room management, automobile pound, auto mechanics, management) * Custodial Facilities (largest part of Sheriff’s budgets)
Contemporary Policing Issues *Gender Gap – women make up roughly 15% of our police forces and few rise to the highest ranks; gender is not a BFOQ. *Language Skills – language skills are sorely needed as America becomes more diversified; NYC officers in aggregate speak more than 100 languages; hire PSOs from all ethnic neighborhoods to serve as communal liaisons.
Contemporary Policing Issues…continued *Blue Curtain Phenomenon – only fellow officers can relate and understand be trusted *Master Status – reduction in the breadth of the personality Both need to be diminished/overcome/abolished, particularly as we move toward a problem solving/community partnership policing model
Neiderhoffer’s Cynicism Model Professional Failure Frustration Recommit Disenchantment Cynicism Anomie Corrupt Quit
Neiderhoffer…continued Education Training Union involvement Democratic leadership Selflessness Change the people vs. change the program
Future of Policing Proactive Social Service/Problem Solving Orientation Citizen Involvement Foot Patrol Bicycle Patrol Permanent Beat Assignments 4/10 personnel deployment Greater use of civil sanctions Greater use of creative sting operations
Future of Policing…continued Electronic surveillance Street cameras (ala CCTV in the UK) Public transportation (buses/trains) Traffic light motion detectors Traffic photo-cops Open microphones on officers Body cameras on officers Cameras in all police vehicles Drones
Future of Policing…continued Consolidation of rural departments Prosecutor/police cooperation Community Public Relations programs/Officer Friendly More creative computer applications: Fingerprints Data management tool Personnel deployment (time and location) Probability and solvability modeling
Future of Policing…continued Weaponry issues (control the scene vs. inflict permanent harm): Electronic weaponry (taser, stun guns, bullets) Tear gas Rubber bullets, pepper bullets Robo cops and drones 311 and 911 phone options Differentiated Police Response systems Forensics “Hot Spots” policing
Future of Policing…continued Enhanced public police – private security cooperation Increase interaction with other involved and active communal awareness agents Probation and parole officers Social welfare agents Real estate agents Insurance agents Meter readers Taxi drivers (information, transport prisoners)
Future of Policing…continued Outreach programs focused on immigrant and minority communities/neighborhoods: Officers learn languages Translate brochures Translate for them in court, in hospitals Develop bi-lingual newsletters Officers serve on their community boards Invite them to serve on police committees/citizen advisory boards Hire them as officers and as PSOs Generally build communal bridges
- Slides: 40