LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE DEFINED n Law enforcement intelligence

LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE DEFINED n Law enforcement intelligence is the end product of an analytic process n It includes the collection and assessment of information about crimes and/or criminal enterprises Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE DEFINED n National security intelligence is the end product of an analytic process n Concerned with the relationship of the United States with foreign powers, organizations, and persons Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

IS ALL INFORMATION INTELLIGENCE? n No! n Until information is processed or analyzed it is simply data that may or may not be true, insightful, or relevant

INFORMATION PASSIVE Information Simply Awaits Access ANALYTIC PROCESSES PROACTIVE INTELLIGENCE Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved. > Forecasting > Correlations > Offer Suppositions > Direct an Investigation or Inquiry

THE GOALS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE n Locate evidence n Identify contraband n Direct the allocation of resources

INTELLIGENCE IS CONCERNED WITH… Investigation Apprehension Crime Prosecution Service to Investigators Projections of Future Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

IS INTELLIGENCE USED IN EVERY CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION? n No n Intelligence is used in serious or complex cases n Intelligence may result in the initiation of an investigation

CASE PATHOLOGY Case Archaeology Case Progression Intelligence Initialization Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

CORNERSTONES OF INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS n n n EQUITY Equitable enforcement of the law Equal treatment under the Constitution Equitable distribution of police services and resources EFFECTIVENESS Accomplishing your goals Achieving planned and desired results EFFICIENCY Not wasting resources Providing “good value for money” Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

ROLES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE Obtaining and Integrating Information Identifying Crimes and Crime Trends Identifying Criminals Developing Cases Providing Investigative Support Projecting Crime Trends Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAWINT SCOPE OF ANALYTIC ACTIVITY Macro-Intelligence Micro-Intelligence Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAWINT SCOPE OF ANALYTIC ACTIVITY Macro-Intelligence Micro-Intelligence CRIMINAL CASE RESPONSIBILITY General Specialized Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAWINT SCOPE OF ANALYTIC ACTIVITY Macro-Intelligence Micro-Intelligence CRIMINAL CASE RESPONSIBILITY General Specialized INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS Tactical Operational Strategic Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE Crime Driven NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE Crime Driven Constitutional Rigidity NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE Crime Driven Constitutional Rigidity Judicial Scrutiny NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE Crime Driven Judicial Scrutiny Constitutional Rigidity Presidential Policy Driven NATIONAL SECURITY INTELLIGENCE Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

POPULAR MYTHS ABOUT LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE n n Public demand for police services, particularly 911 rapid-response services, is largely out of police control, thereby limiting abilities to do other work. Police department resources are, in the main, already deployed to best advantage, efficiently and effectively. Intelligence is a discretionary “add on” to the core job of policing. Intelligence is a risky enterprise that is largely inefficient and “borders on the edge of unlawfulness. ” Copyright © 1999 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

THE IMPACT OF 09 -11 -01 ON LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE n Executive Office of Homeland Security n USA Patriot Act of 2001

Need and Value of Intelligence Not Recognized REASONS POLICE HAVE BEEN RELUCTANT TO CREATE FULLSERVICE INTELUNITs Limited Body of Research Knowledge in Law Enforcement Intelligence as a Management Resource Not Recognized Paramilitary/Bureaucratic Police Structure Inhibits Intelligence Law Enforcement is Usually Reactive—Intelligence is Proactive Intelligence is Multidisciplinary— Policing Is Largely Unidisciplinary Past Abuses of Intelligence Make Police Defensive Copyright © 2001 by David L. Carter. All Rights Reserved.

MANAGEMENT ISSUES n Unity of Command – Balancing competing interests – Political considerations n Staffing – Mixture of sworn and civilian employees – Role of civilians as advisors to sworn officers

ADVANTAGES OF CIVILIAN INTELLIGENCE ANALYSTS n Characteristics, background, and education n “Street” experience may narrow an analyst’s view n Longevity in the unit n Analysts do not require law enforcement authority

DISADVANTAGES OF CIVILIAN ANALYSTS n Lack of mobility n Relationship to officers

THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE n An organized process by which information is gathered, assessed, and distributed in order to fulfill the goals of the intelligence function n It is a method of performing analytic activities and placing the analysis in a usable form.

THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE n Requirement n Collection n Evaluation n Collation n Analysis n Reporting n Dissemination

The Intelligence Cycle Overt Sources Source Reliability COLLECTION Covert Sources COLLATION EVALUATION Information Validity Information Segregation Index & Storage ANALYSIS Conclusions Estimates Predictions REPORTING Tactical FEEDBACK AND RE-EVALUATION Strategic DISSEMINATION Periodic Routine Distribution Response to Requests