Launching the New Ship of State Chapter 10

Launching the New Ship of State Chapter 10

A. Growing Pains Troubles w/ new nation n Financial and political Spanish, British, & Indian antagonism Population boom n 1790 - Phil. - 42, 000

Few cities with more than 5, 000 residents Avg white woman gave birth to 8 children White pop doubled every 22 years 1790 – almost half of all white Americans under 16

B. Washington for President Only pres. elected unanimously (1789) n n Came out of retirement Inaugurated April 30, 1789 in NYC Created cabinet (exec. dept. heads) n n n Sec. of State- T. Jefferson Sec. of Treasury- A. Hamilton Sec. of War- H. Knox

Washington on the way to Inauguration Felt like a “culprit who is going to the place of his execution”

C. The Bill of Rights 1 st Congress upheld Federalist pledge Madison’s work Why was it needed? Individual rights & limits on government’s power (9 th & 10 th) Another compromise n n Strong central government Protected citizens’ rights

2 nd Amendment What did it mean? What does it mean? DC v Heller (2008) Militia Act of 1792

1 st Congress also passed Judiciary Act of 1789 n Organized Supreme Court, other federal courts, & created attorney general

D. Hamilton Revives Public Credit Financial genius- wanted policies to favor wealthy Fund national debt “at par” (faith)- $54 mil. “Assume” state debts (unity)- $21. 5 mil. n n Angered states w/ small debt District of Columbia & VA (Compromise of 1790)

Hamilton’s “Reports on the Public Credit” ~$80 million debt from Federal and State gov’ts (from war) n n France, Spain, Holland loaned money during war US in 1794 had higher financial credit rating than all European nations

E. Customs Duties & Excise Taxes Hamilton approved of debt n The more the fed. govt. owed to creditors, the more people would want the govt. to succeed Tariffs would make revenue & protect American manufacturing Excise taxes- Whiskey

How to Pay Down the Debt? Hamilton’s Sinking Fund n What is it? – Post Office? Western Lands? British P. M. Robert Walpole – 1716 n Richard Price – 1770 s

Debt How to distinguish between original holders and new speculators?

Whiskey Rebellion - 1794 whiskey excise tax Rebellion a lot like Stamp Act riots State militias sent men to crush rebellion Proved power of fed. govt. , but opposition said it was abuse

F. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Hamilton wanted a bank to deposit, print money, & extend credit Jefferson argued against (too much power)- strict interpretation n “Treason” – “foreign legislature” – “suffer death” Hamilton used “necessary & proper clause”- loose interpretation Bank chartered 1791 - sectionalism

H. The Emergence of Political Parties Hamilton’s plans est. economy, but encroached upon states’ rights Movement began against Hamilton’s followers- Jefferson at head Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans n First organized political parties in US

George Clinton during Ratification debates – “Tom Sh*t” the mustee Support of Industrial Espionage? Maria Reynolds

I. The Impact of the French Revolution Federalists- against, Dem. -Reps. - for 1793 - Reign of Terror Started another British/French War

J. Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality Franco-American Alliance of 1778 Proclamation began “isolationism” Country too weak, babies Citizen Edmund Genet- Charleston

K. Embroilments with Britain British still manned forts in US, agitated Indians Little Turtle’s Miami Confederacy n n Battle of Fallen Timbers- 1794 Treaty of Greenville On the sea n n British seized US merchants Impressed American sailors Dem. -Reps. wanted war, Feds- continued neutrality

L. Jay’s Treaty & Washington’s Farewell Address John Jay to London & Dem. -Rep. Reactions n n Brit. promised to vacate forts Repay seized property No mention of future seizures Forced US to pay off all old debts “Damn John Jay. Damn everyone that won’t put up lights in the windows and sit up all night damning John Jay. ”

Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)- free navigation of MS River & territory (Treaty of San Lorenzo)

L. Continued Washington decided to retire after 2 terms n n Avoid permanent foreign alliances Warned of dangers of partisanship

M. John Adams Becomes President Hamilton? - unpopular w/ too many VP John Adams vs. T. Jefferson (1796) n How did Federalists (and Hamilton) cause this? Divisive election- Adams barely won n 71 -68

Election of 1800 – Jump back to 1796 Federalists John Adams (MA) Thomas Pinkney (SC) (treaty) n Hamilton’s back room dealing Dem-Repub Thomas Jefferson (VA) Aaron Burr (NY)

N. Unofficial Fighting with France French anger at Jay’s Treaty XYZ Affair (1797)- Adams sent diplomats to France n n n French envoys (XYZ) Loan & $250, 000 bribe just to talk “millions for defense, but not 1 cent for tribute”

N. Continued Navy Department, Marine Corps, new army of 10, 000 Unofficial fighting 1798 -1800 Madison – Hire Portuguese Navy?

O. Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party Adams- fight or not? New envoys to France Convention of 1800 - ended Franco. American alliance n Favored trading status Nation not ready for war

P. The Federalist Witch Hunt The 1798 Alien & Sedition Act- aimed at Dem. -Reps. & newly arrived immigrants

n Alienw Raised residency requirement from 5 to 14 yrs. w Pres. could jail or deport any “undesirable alien” any time he wished during peace

n Sedition- (1 st Amend. ) w Not allowed to speak out openly against govt. policies or officials

Q. The VA & KY Resolutions Opposition to A & S Acts Jefferson (VA), Madison (KY) Used compact theory n n States were final judges of national policy Promoted idea of nullification

Kentucky resolutions contained the germ of nullification and secession, and we are today reaping the fruits” – J. Garfield

R. Feds. vs. Dem. -Reps. Feds. - rule by wealthy, protect wealthy, pro-business & trade Dem. -Reps. - rule by masses, weak govt. , Jefferson promoted slavery to try and ensure land for all white people

Election of 1800 Federalists John Adams Charles C. Pinkney (SC) Hamilton pamphlet – intended for Federalists, reached Burr Dem-Repub T. Jefferson A. Burr

Jefferson and Aaron Burr(D-R) receive the same number of electoral votes

Alexander Hamilton sways vote for Jefferson (36 th ballot) – why? Congress passes the 12 th Amendment calling for a separate ballot for President and Vice President

“Revolution of 1800” Peaceful transfer of power

Judiciary Act of 1801 Midnight Judges John Marshall Marbury v. Madison n Judicial Review