Launching the New Nation Chapter 6 Coach Bowling

Section 1 Washington Heads the New Government

6. 1 Objectives § Explain how the U. S. confronted the difficult task of forming a new government § Show the political ideas of Hamilton & Jefferson differed § Describe how political differences evolved into a two-party system

6. 1 Main Idea § President Washington transformed the ideas of the Constitution into a real Government

George Washington § Served as President of the Constitutional Convention § Wanted to retire to Mt. Vernon afterwards § Americans elected him to be the President of the U. S. in 1789

The New Gov’t takes shape § Could a government based on the will of the people succeed? § How would the government be established without previous examples?

The Judiciary Act of 1789 § Washington and Congress had to create a judicial system § The Constitution directed Congress to establish a Supreme Court; however, it did not give a specific plan about lower courts

Cont. § The Act: Supreme Court, 3 federal circuit courts, 13 federal district courts (Have increased over time) § Section 25: “State court decisions can be appealed to the federal court when constitutional issues are raised” § Guaranteed the supremacy of the Constitution

Washington shapes the Executive Branch § Congress created 3 executive departments: Department of State, Department of War, and Department of the Treasury § Attorney General would be added soon after

Cont. § Washington’s Appointees (Cabinet): § Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson § Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton § Secretary of War: Henry Knox § Attorney General: Edmund Rudolph

Hamilton vs. Jefferson § Two great thinkers § Had different viewpoints and disagreed often § Both served on Washington’s Cabinet

Alexander Hamilton § Believed in a strong central government § Wanted an educated upper-class government § Believed industry and commerce were essential to a strong nation

Thomas Jefferson § Distrusted a strong central government § Distrusted the rich § Favored a society of farmer-citizens § Southerners were fond of Jefferson

Hamilton’s Economic Plan § Secretary of the Treasury had the role of managing the nation’s finances § He wanted a national bank § He devised a plan to pay off the national debt from the Revolutionary War

Cont. § National Government was responsible for 2/3 of the debt and individual states were responsible 1/3 § Debts were owed to foreign countries, soldiers from the war, and other private citizens

Cont. § Hamilton proposed to pay off the foreign debt and issue new bonds to cover the old ones § Proposed that the federal government take on the state debts (drove up the national deficit)

Cont. § Southerners were irate b/c they had paid off most of their debts § They felt they would be taxed by the National Government to help pay off the Northern States’ debts

Plan for a National Bank § Funded by federal government and wealthy private investors § The Bank of the U. S. would issue paper money and handle tax receipts

Cont. § Problems = Close alliance between government & wealthy business interests § Problem = Constitution did not authorize a national bank § James Madison argued these points

Loose vs. Strict § Hamilton – “Loose interpretation of the Constitution” § Jefferson – “Strict Interpretation of the Constitution” § Main Argument

Elastic Clause § Article 1 - Section 8, Clause 18 § Congress has the authority to do whatever is “necessary and proper” to carry out its enumerated powers

Result § Hamilton convinced Washington & Congress to establish the Bank of the United States

The District of Columbia § Hamilton needed Southern Support for the Bank of the U. S. § He suggested the capital be moved from NYC to an area on the Potomac River between VA and MD

Cont. § Article 1 calls for a “federal district” § Congress governs the city § Divided into 4 quadrants (center is the rotunda of the Capitol)

The First Political Parties § Hamilton & Jefferson continued to disagree despite being in the same cabinet § Washington urged them to stop § He warned that the government would fail die to political parties

Cont. § Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans § Hamilton was a Federalist § Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican

Federalists § Strong central government § Often thought to be the “party of the elite”

Democratic-Republicans § Vision of strong state governments § Ancestors of today’s “Democrats” § Middle & Lower class citizens § Southerners

The Whiskey Rebellion § Occurred during Washington’s 2 nd term § 1789 – Congress passed a protective tariff (import tax on goods produced in Europe) § This brought in a large amount of revenue

Cont. § Hamilton decided to pass an excise tax (a tax on a product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution) to be levied on whiskey manufacturers § Most of these manufacturers were corn farmers

Cont. § They could not carry large amounts of corn at one time, so they distilled the corn into whiskey § This was their main source of income § Farmers in west PA rebelled, beat up federal marshals, and threatened to secede

Cont. § Hamilton & Washington called together 15 k militiamen and dispersed the rebellion § The event was significant b/c it meant that federal power could be used in domestic affairs

Section 2 Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation

6. 2 Objectives § Summarize the nation’s developing foreign policy with France, Great Britain, and Spain § Explain how the U. S. dealt with Native Americans and British interests west of the Appalachians § Identify some of the deep divisions between Federalists and D-Republicans

6. 2 Main Idea § Events in Europe sharply divided American public opinion in the late 18 th century

U. S. Response to Events in Europe § The French Revolution was inspired by the American Revolution § Several Americans supported France’s right to independence § Should the U. S. become involved?

Reactions to the French Revolution § Jacobins seized power in France and unleashed the Reign of Terror against all politicians associated with the monarchy (Louis XVI) § They also declared was on Great Britain

Cont. § The French expected American assistance § Democratic-Republicans supported France § Federalists supported Britain

Cont. § Washington took a middle position § He stated that the nation would not join either side of the conflict § The French sent Edmond Genet to win American support

Cont. § Genet began recruiting Americans for the war effort against Britain § Washington became outraged and ordered Genet back to France § His side had fallen from power, so he remained in the U. S. (political asylum)

Treaty with Spain § Known as the Pickney Treaty of 1795 or Treaty of San Lorenzo § Spain gave up all lands east of the Mississippi River except Florida and recognized the 31 st parallel as the southern boundary of the U. S.

Cont. § Spain also agreed to open up the Mississippi River for travel and shipping and even allowed the U. S. to use the port at New Orleans § Spain had signed treaty w/ France and feared an American /British retalliation

Native Americans resist White Settlers § Americans felt the Treaty of Paris granted them land rights west of the Appalachians § Britain still had forts in that area § Native Americans didn’t feel the same

Fights in the Northwest § Ohio Valley Area § Natives claimed tribal land demanded negotiations w/ U. S. § Britain instigated Native Rebellions

Little Turtle § Little Turtle – Chief of the Miami tribe in Ohio § He defeated two separate federal armies in the territory

Battle of Fallen Timbers § “Mad Anthony” Wayne was appointed by Washington to lead an army against Little Turtle § General Wayne trained his troops for over a year for the battle

Cont. § Little Turtle saw this and was impressed § He urged his people to avoid conflict § The tribal council replaced him as leader § The Miami were defeated

Cont. § Wayne marched his troops past British forts in Toledo and built a U. S. fort two miles away § The victory ended Native resistance in Ohio

Cont. § The Treaty of Greenville was signed by the Miami in 1793 § The Miami gave up most of their lands for $20 k worth of goods and a payment of $10 k every year afterwards § As expected, the U. S. eventually quit paying

John Jay’s Treaty § John Jay – Chief Justice of U. S. Supreme Court § Was in London during the Battle of Fallen Timbers trying to negotiate a treaty w/ Britain § After news arrived, Britain agreed to evacuate the area § Americans were not happy that the British could still trade fur on the South side of the U. S. – Canada border

Adams provokes criticism § Due to unhappiness w/ Jay’s Treaty and the rift between the two political parties, Washington decided against a third term § This led to the presidential election of 1796

Cont. § Federalist – John Adams & Thomas Pinckney § Democratic-Republicans – Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr § Adams received 71 votes, Jefferson 68

Cont. § Constitution provided that the runner-up should become vice-president § This presented problems § Sectionalism – placing interests of one region over another § Southern states – Jefferson; Northern states Adams

Adams tries to avoid war § France regarded Jay’s treaty as a violation of the French-U. S. alliance § France refused a U. S. ambassador and seized ships bound for Britain § Adams sent a 3 -man delegation to France to resolve the issue

Cont. § France & Napoleon had little concern for the American delegation § They had planned on meeting w/ Talleyrand but were directed to some low-level officials § These officials demanded $250 k to speak with Talleyrand (Foreign Minister)

Cont. § This insult became known as the “XYZ Affair” § This provoked Anti-French sentiment throughout America § Congress created a Navy department and ordered them to seize French ships

Cont. § Congress also created an army of 50 k troops and brought George Washington out of retirement to command the army § Although war was never declared, a naval war raged on for two years between France and the U. S.

The Alien & Sedition Acts § Federalists believed French spies were trying to overthrow the government § Passed 4 measures through Congress

Cont. § Alien Acts – raised residence requirement from 5 years to 14 years & allowed the president to deport any alien considered undesirable § Sedition Act – set jail terms for people expressing discontent towards the government

Cont. § Several Democratic-Republicans were jailed under this act § Many saw these laws as a violation of the 1 st Amendment

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions § Madison – VA resolution § Jefferson – KY resolution § Nullification – states could nullify any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional

Cont. § Result = The issue of power within State governments & the federal government was still an issue § Central theme of the 1800 election § Jefferson vs. Adams

Death of Washington § 12/14/1799 § Buried at Mount Vernon § Death improved relationship between U. S. & France (Napoleon)

Section 3 Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course

6. 3 Objectives § Identify some of the significant changes brought about during the early years of Jefferson’s presidency § Provide examples of the declining power of the Federalists § Summarize the importance of the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark expedition

6. 3 Main Idea § The United States expanded its borders during Thomas Jefferson’s administration

Election of 1800 § Jefferson (DR) vs. Adams (Fed) § DR’s saw Adams as a “rich aristocrat” who wanted a British-style monarchy § Federalists saw Jefferson as a supporter of revolutionary France and an atheist who was trying to destroy religion

Electoral deadlock § Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes § Jefferson & Burr had the same amount of electoral votes § The House of Representatives came together to select a winner

Cont. § After two days they were still unable to select a winner § Alexander Hamilton intervened and suggested that two federalists abstain from voting

Cont. § Hamilton did not like Jefferson, but he felt he was more qualified to become the next president than Aaron Burr § The two federalists that abstained from voting had voted for Burr previously

Cont. § Jefferson was now the President of the U. S. § This event led Congress to pass the 12 th Amendment which says separate ballots should be cast for president and vicepresident in the Electoral College

Burr vs. Hamilton § Had always been political opponents § Burr read comments Hamilton had made about him, He also knew that Hamilton had cost him the presidential election § He publicly challenged Hamilton to a duel

Cont. § July 11, 1804 – Due to the fact the enemies could not reconcile their differences, the duel occurred § They rolled dice to see who shot first & Hamilton won

Cont. § Hamilton shot into the air, Burr immediately shot Hamilton in the stomach § Hamilton died the next day § Burr was charged with murder but fled before his trial

Cont. § Burr was later charged with treason in 1806 due to a failed conspiracy § He fled to Europe § He later came back to NYC and practiced law until he died

The Jefferson Presidency § Jefferson “extended a peaceful hand” § He replaced Federalists within the government w/ D-R’s § He believed in a simple government

Simplifying the Presidency § Walked to his own inauguration § Tried to shrink the Government & cut costs § Reduced the influence of the National Bank

Cont. § Jefferson also favored free trade § He thought American goods would be purchased more overseas if they were not tariffed

Southern Dominance of Politics § Jefferson was the first president to take office in Washington, DC § Was the first of 3 straight presidents to be from Virginia § Federalists became less and less involved w/ politics

John Marshall & the Supreme Court § Federalists kept a stronghold on the Judicial Branch § Adams appointed Marshall before he left office § Marshall served on the court for more than 30 years

Cont. § Marshall handed down decisions that strengthened the power of the Supreme Court § Adams also pushed through the Judiciary Act of 1801 § This increased the number of Federal Judges from 13 to 16

Cont. § Adams filled most of these positions w/ Federalists § These judges would be known as the Midnight Judges § Reason = time of day the appointments were made

Cont. § Jefferson became very upset b/c the decision would effect the efficiency of the Government in his eyes § Jefferson argued the validity of some of the appointments because some had not been delivered by the time Adams left office

Marbury v. Madison § One of the most important Supreme Court decisions in history § William Marbury = midnight judge who never received his papers § James Madison = Secretary of State in Jefferson’s cabinet

Cont. § Madison was responsible for delivering papers to appointees § Marbury never received his papers § He sued to enforce the provision

Cont. § John Marshall and the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional § They stated, “the supreme court did not have the power to enforce” § Main Point = The Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress Unconstitutional § This was known as JUDICIAL REVIEW

The United States expands West § Americans constantly moved west during Jefferson’s presidency § Most settlers went through the Cumberland Gap (a pass in the Appalachians near the border of TN, KY, & VA)

Cont. § Daniel Boone is given credit for clearing a road through the Gap § This was known as the Wilderness Road

The Louisiana Purchase § Napoleon persuaded Spain to give back the Louisiana territory § Americans were upset by the transaction § Jefferson was scared this would force an alliance w/ Britain

Cont. § Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans & West Florida § He sent James Monroe & Robert Livingston to France § When they arrived they realized Napoleon had decided to sell the entire Louisiana territory

Cont. § Monroe & Livingston did not have time to consult w/ the government § They approved the purchase for $15 million § Jefferson doubted the Constitutionality of the acquisition

Cont. § The purchase doubled the size of the United States § Land included major tributaries of the Mississippi River which was essential in the growth of the U. S.

Lewis & Clark § Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis to lead an expedition known as the Corps of Discovery § The collected information regarding nature, natives, and land from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean

Cont. § William Clark was placed in charge by Lewis § Sacajawea joined the expedition and served as an interpreter and a guide § The excursion lasted roughly 28 months

Section 4 The War of 1812

6. 4 Objectives § Summarize the events that led up to the war of 1812 § Summarize the War of 1812

6. 4 Main Idea § War broke out between the U. S. and Britain in 1812

Uncle Sam § Samuel Wilson – owned a meat-packing business in NY § Stamped a U. S. on barrels of salted meat that was sent to soldiers during War of 1812 § Employees joked that “U. S. ” stood for “Uncle Sam”

The War Hawks demand War § Jefferson won re-election in 1804 § During his 2 nd term, Britain & France renewed their fighting § This threatened American interests overseas; especially trade

Cont. § Both France and Britain began seizing ships headed to each others ports § Blockades were established all over Europe

Grievances against Britain § 1 st Reason – Impressment (practice of seizing Americans at sea and forcing them to serve in the British Navy) § 2 nd Reason – Chesapeake Incident (A British naval commander demanded the right to board the U. S. Chesapeake and look for deserters. 3 dead, 18 injured)

Cont. § Jefferson convinced Congress to declare an embargo (a ban on exporting products to other places) § Embargo Act of 1807 – hopeful that Europe would have to respect U. S. neutrality § This ban was lifted two years later b/c it was hurting the U. S. (Not lifted on France & Britain)

Tecumseh’s Confederacy § General William Henry Harrison (9 th President) convened several tribal chiefs in Fort Wayne, Indiana § He was the governor of the Indiana territory § Persuaded the Chiefs to sign away 3 million acres of tribal land to the U. S. government

Cont. § Tecumseh (Shawnee Chief) formed a confederacy to protect lands from white settlers § He was aided by his younger brother, Prophet § They tried to rid the confederation of European influence (including Christianity) § Tecumseh would prove to be a great diplomat

Cont. § Tecumseh negotiated w/ the British to help aid their fight against the U. S. § He traveled all around the South & Midwest to drum up support for the cause § He was not very successful in his attempt

The War Hawks § Prophet led an attack on Harrison while Tecumseh was away § Harrison struck back and was victorious at the Battle of Tippecanoe § Harrison suffered heavy losses but was labeled a hero

Cont. § It was soon learned that the Natives were using weapons furnished by British Canada § This caused a group of young congressmen from the South & the West to call for war § This group was known as the “War Hawks”

Cont. § War Hawks were led by John C. Calhoun of SC and Henry Clay of KY § Clay was the Speaker of the House at this time § Motto: “On to Canada”

The War Brings Mixed Results § 1808 Election – James Madison defeated Charles Pinckney § By 1812, Madison had decided to go to war with Britain due to their actions on American Trade § Congress issued a declaration of war in June 1812

The War in Canada (Early) § The Americans were not prepared for war § Detroit was captured early § The U. S. lost at Montreal

War in Canada (Middle) § The U. S. took Detroit back § The U. S. won a naval battle at Lake Erie § Note: Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of Thames while fighting alongside the British

The War at Sea § U. S. had only 16 ships & 3 warships (President, United States, & Constitution) § The 3 warships sailed fast and had dominating weapons, they also sailed alone § 1812 – The British blockaded the Atlantic Coast and several ports

Cont. § Most American ships were bottled up in ports

Washington, DC Burns § 1814 – the British raided and burned towns all along the East Coast § The U. S. took York (capital of upper Canada) and burned several government buildings

Cont. § In retaliation for these burnings, the British burned the Capitol, the White House, and other buildings § Madison & other government officials had to flee

The Battle of New Orleans § Andrew Jackson (7 th president) was victorious in several battles throughout the Southern U. S. § Jackson defeated the Creeks @ the Battle of Horseshoe Bend § Creeks had previously won at Fort Mims where they killed over 500 settlers

Cont. § Jackson’s victory depleted Native military power in the South § Jan. 8, 1815 – Jackson defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans § The War was over when the Victory occurred