Launching a New Nation Key Events From Washington

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Launching a New Nation Key Events: From Washington to Jackson

Launching a New Nation Key Events: From Washington to Jackson

Mr. President 1789 – George Washington takes his oath of office in New York

Mr. President 1789 – George Washington takes his oath of office in New York City to become the first President of the United States. New York City was the nation’s capital at the time.

The Whiskey Rebellion 1794 – Taxes placed on whiskey angers farmers in Pennsylvania and

The Whiskey Rebellion 1794 – Taxes placed on whiskey angers farmers in Pennsylvania and the frontier. They decide to rebel. Washington and Madison decide to send in troops to squash the rebellion.

“B he ehol l d. F see l…in ran w fut …per hich ce,

“B he ehol l d. F see l…in ran w fut …per hich ce, a no ure ha w e Inspired by our own American Revolution, the French pe. ” ps o n u F Revolution was initially applauded by Americans. ed r ow era Much like our own war, the French wanted a republic. list n Thomas Jefferson and his followers were so thrilled with the events of the war that they began calling themselves Democratic-Republicans, or just Republicans. The French Revolution When the French Revolution turned to vengeance with beheadings of the wealthy, Americans became appalled. Especially the wealthy Americans who favored a strong central government like Alexander Hamilton. The Federalist favored Great Britain during the war because of this.

Farewell As George Washington bid farewell as President he wanted to remind the people

Farewell As George Washington bid farewell as President he wanted to remind the people of these things: We are all bound together despite our differences. “You have in a common cause fought and triumphed together. ” The two threats to the nation. One being problems with other nations. Second being “spirit of party. ” Being to passionate about one political party could tear a new nation apart. Three new states had joined the Union within his tenure: Kentucky, Tennessee, and Vermont.

Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist Political parties rose in the nation. Alexander Hamilton and

Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist Political parties rose in the nation. Alexander Hamilton and his followers favored and believed: A strong national government and a strong economy based on business. A loose construction of the constitution – this gave them the right to set up a National Bank to help with the collection of taxes. Using government power to support business, manufacturing, and trade People were basically selfish and out for themselves, so they distrusted any system of government that gave too much power to “the mob” or common people. The country should be governed by “the best people. ” – those who were well-educated, had the time, and background to run the country wisely.

Thomas Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists were called Republicans. Thomas Jefferson and his followers favored

Thomas Jefferson and the Anti-Federalists were called Republicans. Thomas Jefferson and his followers favored and believed: He believed that informed citizens could make good decisions for the country. A strict construction of the constitution – Congress has only the powers listed in the Constitution. Small government and limited power. The National Bank would be unconstitutional. More power should be given at the state level where the people have more control. Belief in farming as the future of America. The National Bank would not loan money to farmers to buy land. Republicans favored France in their revolution, but even Jefferson couldn’t go along with France’s request to join in their war.

Political Parties and Elections In the third election in 1796, voters people thought the

Political Parties and Elections In the third election in 1796, voters people thought the Electoral College would work as it always had and select the two best leaders. However, political parties had created a new problem. John Adams was voted in as the second President by three votes. He was a Federalist backed by the businesses and merchants. Thomas Jefferson became the Vice President with the backing of farmers in the south and west. These opposing parties would bring conflict into the White House.

French Attacks After 1796, France started attacking U. S. bound merchant ships to Great

French Attacks After 1796, France started attacking U. S. bound merchant ships to Great Britain. President Adams sent three envoys to France to speak with French representatives. They were met by three spies, X, Y, and Z. This became known as the X, Y, Z Affair. The spies demanded money or tribute. The American public was outraged. Adams waged a halfwar on France. Congress authorized the navy and privateers to capture French ships. Adams gained popularity during this period for his stand.

Alien and Sedition Acts Four controversial laws that Federalists said were needed to protect

Alien and Sedition Acts Four controversial laws that Federalists said were needed to protect the nation against foreigners. However, Republicans saw these acts as tools to be used against them. The Alien Acts – One – lengthened the time it took an immigrant to become a citizen and vote (from 5 to 14 years). Since more immigrants voted Republican, Jefferson took this as a direct move to hurt the party. The other two – allowed the President to jail or deport anyone thought to be involved in activities against the government. This was mostly a scare tactic. The Sedition Act – Rebellion against the government was a crime. Printing, uttering, or publishing any false, scandalous, or malicious writing would be punished. This was used against Republican newspapers.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Thomas Jefferson and James Madison drafted a resolution to go

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Thomas Jefferson and James Madison drafted a resolution to go to the states’ legislatures to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts. They saw these acts as being against freedom of speech and the press. Jefferson said that the states could nullify them based on the states’ rights theory – rights not given to the government were left to the states. Only Virginia and Kentucky adopted the resolutions.

A New Capital 1800 - John Adams our nation’s second President lives in Washington,

A New Capital 1800 - John Adams our nation’s second President lives in Washington, DC. The White House is still unfurnished. Washington, DC became the capital because the northern states needed a way to pay off their war debt from the American Revolution. The south had already paid their debts off. To get the south to help pay off the rest, a compromise was to have the nation’s capital be in the south. It is between Virginia and Maryland.

Election of 1800 Jefferson, supported by the Republicans, selected Aaron Burr to run for

Election of 1800 Jefferson, supported by the Republicans, selected Aaron Burr to run for Vice President. Jefferson ran on states’ rights and running a “frugal and simple” government. Jefferson was accused of being an atheist who would destroy religion. John Adams ran for re-election with Charles Pinckney running as Vice President. Many wanted Alexander Hamilton to run with John Adams. His influence would shape the election. Adams ran on “peace and prosperity. ” Adams was accused of wanting to turn the government into a monarchy. Alexander Hamilton worked against Adams as a Federalist with Electoral College to vote Pinckney in as President.

Election Deadlock and a New Amendment Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied to be

Election Deadlock and a New Amendment Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied to be President under the Electoral College. To break the tie, it was sent to the House of Representatives where they would each receive a vote. This too was a tie. Finally, Alexander Hamilton asked his supporters to vote for Thomas Jefferson because he felt he was by far not so dangerous a man. Jefferson was elected President. The 12 th Amendment was added in 1804. This called for the Electoral College to cast separate votes for the President and Vice President. If no candidate receives a majority of the votes then the House of Representatives will choose a President and the same for the Vice President with the Senate making the decision.

Republican Victory The Republicans finally had their victory with Thomas Jefferson as President. It

Republican Victory The Republicans finally had their victory with Thomas Jefferson as President. It was also a victory for the changing of power. In most countries, power only changed hands when their was a war. This was a peaceful transition without a shot being fired.

Piracy Due to conflicts between Great Britain and France, the United States shipping industry

Piracy Due to conflicts between Great Britain and France, the United States shipping industry became a target. Each country wanted to hurt the supply line of the other. Over the course of several Presidents thousands of US ships had been captured. The Barbary Pirates of North Africa also captured ships and held crews for ransom. President Washington and Adams paid the countries of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli tribute for the safe passage of trading vessels. President Jefferson did not want to pay tribute so these countries declared war. He sent vessels to protect our ships in the area. By the mid-1800 s this practice had ended. In order to stop all the shipping problems, Jefferson placed an embargo on all U. S. shipping. U. S. ships could only travel to other U. S. ports. He hoped this would hurt Great Britain and France enough to stop the problems. Unfortunately, only U. S. sailors and business was hurt. He lifted the embargo and eventually the problem was solved.

President Madison’s Dilemma President Madison tried to work with France and Great Britain to

President Madison’s Dilemma President Madison tried to work with France and Great Britain to stop the attacks on ships. He thought he had an agreement with Napoleon but the impressing of U. S. ships continued. Madison thought there was only one way to stop the British from attacking our ships – War. New Englanders and Federalist were generally against a war. The south and west supported a war mainly because they believed that Great Britain had been aiding Native Americans in rebelling against the states. Americans became outraged after a conflict with American Indians led by Tecumseh and the Prophet (his brother) and an American militia led by William Henry Harrison defeated the American Indians; however, after the battle they found the Indians had been carrying guns supplied by Britain. Southerners like Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina argued for war. They became known as the “War Hawks. ”

War of 1812 Americans thought it would be easy to take Canada. Great Britain

War of 1812 Americans thought it would be easy to take Canada. Great Britain also thought it would be easy to claim land back from the U. S. Both were wrong. 1814 - The United States and Great Britain are at war. Great Britain captures Washington, DC and burns the White House, Capitol, and other government buildings. Madison had to flee. The U. S. stop the British takeover of Baltimore, MD. This battle inspires Francis Scott Key to write what will be our national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner. ”

Battle of New Orleans After the American victories at Baltimore and Lake Champlain, the

Battle of New Orleans After the American victories at Baltimore and Lake Champlain, the British desire to continue the war weakened. A treaty was signed in Ghent, Belgium to end the war; however, news travels slowly and troops in New Orleans didn’t find out until after this battle. General Andrew Jackson defeats the British in the greatest battle of the War of 1812. Two thousand British soldiers are killed and only 70 American soldiers. This victory makes him a hero.

Effects of the War of 1812 Great Britain nor the United States won anything

Effects of the War of 1812 Great Britain nor the United States won anything they had been fighting for. This war weakened the Native American resistance – most were moved out of the Ohio and Mississippi Valley. Surge in American pride. The Federalists were hurt by their opposition to this war and they never recovered. War heroes, William Henry Harrison and Andrew Jackson, were both elected president later on.

President Monroe’s Dilemma After the war of 1812, President Monroe was happy to return

President Monroe’s Dilemma After the war of 1812, President Monroe was happy to return to isolationism. The focus was back on the United States and out of Europe. Latin American Revolution – Driving the Spaniards from Central and South America became the focus. Mexico, with the help of a Catholic priest, Miguel Hidalgo, started a revolution that lasted 10 years resulting in their independence. Venezuelan Simon Bolivar helped to rally people to revolution and an Argentina activist, Jose de San Martin, led his country to independence and the last of the Spanish soldiers left South America. Many countries were excited over the revolutions in South America. It opened up trade with other countries. Still, some countries thought Spain should regain their colonies.

The Monroe Doctrine To these European nations that wanted to invade or retake land

The Monroe Doctrine To these European nations that wanted to invade or retake land in North or South America, a bold, strong message was sent from the United States. The Monroe Doctrine states that no longer would interference or colonization be tolerated from Europe in North and South America. It would be considered a threat to our peace and safety. They were independent nations. Europeans scoffed at this message, but all freedom-loving Americans cheered. This document sent a strong message that the United States was no longer a weak collection of quarreling states. It was becoming strong and confident. James Monroe’s declaration in 1823 that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open to European colonization.

The United States – Early 1800 s Most people still lived close to the

The United States – Early 1800 s Most people still lived close to the Atlantic Coast. One and ten lived across the Appalachian Mountains. However, more were moving across every day. Communication traveled slowly from the original states across the mountains due to poor roads. It could takes weeks to get news. From the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River was considered the west. Beyond that point, was the unexplored frontier.

The United States – Early 1800 s Stereotypes developed because of these distinct differences.

The United States – Early 1800 s Stereotypes developed because of these distinct differences. Northeast “Yankees” with its busy cities and trade were thrifty and entrepreneurs, but were seen by Southerners as money chasers or “out for a dollar. ” Southern rich plantation owners were considered cultured, gracious, and genteel, but were seen by outsiders as lazy. Western settlers who were seeking fortune were hardy and rugged, and in the eyes of those living on the East Coast they were considered crude. To bring all of these different regions and cultures together, the United States decided to build roads and canals.

Erie Canal Started in 1817, the Erie Canal connected Lake Erie and the Hudson

Erie Canal Started in 1817, the Erie Canal connected Lake Erie and the Hudson River. Its success starts a canal-building boom in the United States

American Symbols and Values Symbols After the U. S. Capitol and White House was

American Symbols and Values Symbols After the U. S. Capitol and White House was burned during the War of 1812, architects were charged with designing a new buildings. The Greek and Roman buildings became a symbols of American pride. Uncle Sam – Legend says he is named after a New York butcher that supplied meat to troops during the War of 1812, but more likely that he was made up with the initials U. S. He became a symbol for American government. Values American white males saw themselves as devoted to individualism and equality even though this didn’t match up with those of diversity. They did see themselves as different and better than Europeans. American pride could be seen in their life – from politics to art, music, and literature.

The Era of Good Feeling Economic Nationalism – Building the national economy. Henry Clay

The Era of Good Feeling Economic Nationalism – Building the national economy. Henry Clay thought the future lay in capitalism, an economic system based on the private ownership of farms and businesses. The American System – a proposal to the government that called for taxes on imports, federally funded transportation projects and a new national bank. Judicial Nationalism Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall wrote some of the most important court decisions in U. S. history. Effects of his decisions: The strengthened the role of the Supreme Court itself and the power of the federal government over states. Also, court decisions encouraged capitalism. Mc. Cullough v. Maryland (1819) – gave Congress authority to create a new national bank without state interference. In another case, the Marshall court ruled that a business contract cannot be broken by state legislatures. Gibbons v. Ogden – the Supreme Court ended a monopoly in New York of a Steamboat Company.

The Era of Good Feeling Ends After James Monroe’s 8 year term, 5 candidates

The Era of Good Feeling Ends After James Monroe’s 8 year term, 5 candidates ran for President. Including Clay, Jackson, and John Quincy Adams. None of these candidates received a majority of the Electoral Vote. The House of Representatives was given the job of deciding the President and they selected John Quincy Adams. This angered Andrew Jackson who had received the most votes during the first election. He vowed to run in the next election and those who supported him became known as a new party – the Democrat Party.

Early American Art Most American artists created folk art which is art made by

Early American Art Most American artists created folk art which is art made by ordinary people (as opposed to professional trained artists) using traditional methods. Most professional trained artist made their living painting portraits. Gilbert Stuart was the best known professional artists. His work of Washington was adapted for the dollar bill. John James Audubon painted nature and became the first internationally famous artist. Thomas Cole painted landscapes. George Catlin’s depictions of the American West captured Native American rituals and culture.

Early American Music Early Americans brought music from Europe. Orchestra played in the north,

Early American Music Early Americans brought music from Europe. Orchestra played in the north, as well as traditional church music. In the South, slaves blended hymns and African music styles to create spirituals. They would sometimes add the banjo, drums, and violin to this music. In the West, a fiddle and caller would tell dancers the steps to make. Minstrel music was used by white composers mimicking black spirituals. This type of music inspired Stephen Foster with songs like “Camptown Races” and “Oh! Susanna. ”

Early American Literature Writers begin to use uniquely American subjects and settings. Washington Irving

Early American Literature Writers begin to use uniquely American subjects and settings. Washington Irving –Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow – first American author to gain fame. Stories took place in the wilds of New York. James Fenimore Cooper - The Pioneers and Last of the Mohicans – descriptions of the frontier and American Indians captured the world’s interest. Davy Crocket – larger than life person whose life was spun into tall tales and eventually helped him be elected to office. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – first serious American poet. He wrote “Song of Hiawatha” and “Paul Revere’s Ride. ” He celebrated the growing importance of America in the world with “The Building of a Ship. ”

Andrew Jackson He lost his first run for the White House to John Quincey

Andrew Jackson He lost his first run for the White House to John Quincey Adams. He felt like he had been robbed of what should be his. He vowed he would win the next election. He ran a campaign for the hard working common people. He had the first political song and his supporters work badges they called “hickory sticks” because his nickname was Old Hickory. The democratic party is formed. From Tennessee, Andrew Jackson is elected the seventh President of the United States. He is the first President to come from a state other than Virginia or Massachusetts.

Andrew Jackson Inauguration Day – more people poured in to Washington, DC than ever

Andrew Jackson Inauguration Day – more people poured in to Washington, DC than ever before. Hotels were crowded and people acted like they had been saved from near disaster. After the ceremonies, people followed him into the White House where is was chaotic and almost like a riot. Women fainted and there were men with bloody noses. Some felt they could barely move. “It was the people’s day and the people’s President. ” Jackson used his close friends as advisors. They would often meet in the kitchen and became known as the “Kitchen Cabinet. ” Civil Servant – an employee of the government. Spoils System – the practice of awarding political support with government jobs. The Nullification Crisis – To spur manufacturing at home, Jackson placed a high tariff on imported goods. The north was in full support of this, but the south felt that it hurt their trade. They were afraid that the cotton trade would suffer. John C. Calhoun led southerners in a fight to nullify the tariffs. He threatened to secede if the national government tried to enforce the laws. Jackson eventually lowered the tariffs and South Carolina backed down. Resentment between the regions would continue to grow over the years.

Andrew Jackson and the Bank Jackson did not trust the National Bank because he

Andrew Jackson and the Bank Jackson did not trust the National Bank because he thought it favored businesses and the rich and not farmers. Henry Clay knew the bank’s charter was up for renewal. He wanted to push the renewal. Rather than wait for this renewal, Jackson decided to starve the bank by taking out all federal deposits and place them in state banks. Although many begged him to save the bank, he refused. He considered a n economic democracy. Clay had underestimated how many poor farmers would vote and Jackson won his second term.

Indian Policy By the time Jackson became President only 125, 000 American Indians lived

Indian Policy By the time Jackson became President only 125, 000 American Indians lived east of the Mississippi River. Jackson, being a frontier settler, had no love for the American Indian. They had been in conflict. The five “Civilized Tribes” that were left were the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole. These American Indians had adopted white ways hoping to stay on their land. With cotton expanding, the wealthy plantation owners and poor settlers looked to their land as a possibility to develop.

The Indian Removal Act In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act which American

The Indian Removal Act In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act which American Indians in the East traded their lands for those in the Great Plains. The law did not say the American Indians could be forcibly removed. This angered Jackson. For those that would not go, they were met with military force which ended in tragic ways. Trail of Tears – The removal of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory in 1838 -1839.