Launch in orbit of the space experiment PAMELA

Launch in orbit of the space experiment PAMELA and ground data results Roberta Sparvoli on behalf of the PAMELA Collaboration R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Outline of the talk n n n Scientific goals Apparatus overview & satellite Ground data Status of the mission Conclusions R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Collaboration Russia: Italy: Bari Florence Frascati Naples Rome Trieste CNR, Florence USA: Moscow St. Petersburg GSFC India: NMSU Mumbai Germany: Sweden: Siegen KTH, Stockholm R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Science PAMELA will: § Search for antimatter § Search for dark matter § Study cosmic-ray propagation § Study solar physics and solar modulation § Study the electron spectrum (local sources? ) R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Capabilities PAMELA will explore: § § § § Antiproton flux Positron flux Electron flux Proton flux Electron/positron flux Light nuclei (up to Z=6) Light isotopes (D, 3 He) Antinuclei search + § § § 80 Me. V - 190 Ge. V 50 Me. V – 270 Ge. V up to 400 Ge. V up to 700 Ge. V up to 2 Te. V up to 200 Ge. V/n up to 1 Ge. V/n (sensitivity better than 10 -7 in He/He) Long-term monitoring of the solar modulation of cosmic rays Energetic particles from the Sun (e+) High-energy particles in the Earth magnetosphere R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Cosmic-ray antiparticle measurements: antiprotons Unexplored Region Primary production from annihilation (m( ) = 964 Ge. V) Black Holes Secondary production (upper and lower limits) Simon et al. Dark matter Charge dependent modulation effects Extragalactic Primordial p Dark matter Propagation Secondary production (CAPRICE 94 -based) Bergström et al. PAMELA energy range R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Cosmic-ray antiparticle measurements: positrons Secondary production ‘Moskalenko + Strong model’ (1998) without reacceleration Unexplored Region Charge dependent modulation effects Secondary production ‘Leaky box model’ (Protheroe 1982) Propagation Dark matter Primary production from annihilation (m( ) = 336 Ge. V) PAMELA energy range R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Cosmic-ray Antimatter Search R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

The Satellite Resurs-DK 1 n Built by the space factory Ts. SKB in Samara (Russia) n Soyuz-TM launcher from Bajkonur (also from Ts. SKB) n n PAMELA mounted inside a Pressurized Container, attached to the satellite Lifetime >3 years R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Orbit characteristics SAA quasi-polar (70. 4°) elliptical (300÷ 600 km) R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Ground station(s) § Main Station: Research Centre for Earth operative monitoring “Nts. OMZ” (Moscow, Russia); Main antenna in NTs. OMZ Scheme of PAMELA control room in NTs. OMZ § Additional Station: Khanty-Mansiisk (Siberia, Russia). Not yet officially established. R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

The PAMELA apparatus TOF (see next talk S. Russo) Anticoincidence Shield Magnetic Spectrometer PAMELA CPU (see next talk A. Basili) Calorimeter Shower Tail Catcher Scintillator (see next talk V. Malvezzi) Neutron Detector (see next talk V. Malvezzi) PAMELA prior delivery to Russia (March 2005) R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

The PAMELA apparatus Spatial Resolution • 2. 8 μm bending view • 13. 1 μm non-bending view MDR from test beam data 1 TV Calorimeter Performances: • p/e+ selection eff. 90% • p rejection factor 105 • e- rejection factor 104 ND p/e separation capabilities >10 above 10 Ge. V/c, increasing with energy GF ~20. 5 cm 2 sr Mass: 470 kg Size: 120 x 45 cm 3 Power Budget: 360 W R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Ground data sessions We had so far two main sessions of cosmic ray acquisitions on ground: § Rome – Tor Vergata University clean room: February/March 2005 § Samara – Progress clean area: May 2005 § Number of files downlinked in Rome: 311 in about 480 hours of data taking § Number of files downlinked in Samara: 113 in about 140 hours of data taking R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Ground data performance analysis 1. The main task of the ground data acquisition is the analysis of the detector performance. 2. The statistics collected allowed to make an accurate analysis of the performance of the single PAMELA subdetectors, determining in some cases sub-system resolutions and efficiencies. 3. The comparison between Rome, Samara and previous beam-test data allowed to study PAMELA behavior with time, so to detect possible failures due to ageing of some structures. R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Event Ground Muon: 2. 8 GV R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Event Ground Hadron: 6. 6 GV R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Event Calorimeter Self Trigger GF: 400 cm 2 sr R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Ground muon results Pr eli m in ar y ! Final data ready by the end of 2005 ! R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005 Pr eli m in ar y !

PAMELA Status Detectors tested at PS/SPS test facilities as prototypes and in FM configuration FM SPS, September 2003 SPS, July 2000 Magnet/Tracker, Calorimeter SPS, July 2002 R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Status Detectors tested at PS/SPS test facilities as prototypes and in FM configuration PAMELA Mass&Thermal Model qualified, March-May 2003 PAMELA Mass&Thermal Model inside Pamela Pressurized Container at Ts. SKB Samara/Russia R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Status Detectors tested at PS/SPS test facilities as prototypes and in FM configuration PAMELA Mass&Termal Model qualified, March-May 2003 PAMELA Thermal Model passed thermal tests at Ts. SKB Thermal/Vacuum Chamber R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Status Detectors tested at PS/SPS test facilities as prototypes and in FM configuration PAMELA Mass&Thermal Model qualified, March-May 2003 PAMELA Technological Model completed and delivered to Russia, December 2003 PAMELA Technological Model inside the Transport Container before delivery to Samara R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Status Detectors tested at PS/SPS test facilities as prototypes and in FM configuration PAMELA Mass&Thermal Model qualified, March-May 2003 PAMELA Technological Model completed and delivered to Russia, December 2003 PAMELA Flight Model assembled in Rome TV clean room, 2004 -2005 Assembling phases of PAMELA in Roma Tor Vergata clean room R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Status Detectors tested at PS/SPS test facilities as prototypes and in FM configuration PAMELA Mass&Thermal Model qualified, March-May 2003 PAMELA Technological Model completed and delivered to Russia, December 2003 PAMELA Flight Model assembled in Rome TV clean room, 2004 -2005 Full cycle of vibration/shock of the Flight Model passed at IABG/Munich, January 2005 PAMELA Flight Model on the shaker in IABG R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Status Detectors tested at PS/SPS test facilities as prototypes and in FM configuration PAMELA Mass&Thermal Model qualified, March-May 2003 PAMELA Technological Model completed and delivered to Russia, December 2003 PAMELA Flight Model assembled in Rome TV clean room, 2004 -2005 Full cycle of vibration/shock of the Flight Model passed at IABG/Munich, January 2005 Antonov 72 in Genoa airport PAMELA onboard during flight PAMELA Flight Model delivered to Russia, April 2005 R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Status Detectors tested at PS/SPS test facilities as prototypes and in FM configuration PAMELA Mass&Thermal Model qualified, March-May 2003 PAMELA Technological Model completed and delivered to Russia, December 2003 PAMELA Flight Model assembled in Rome TV clean room, 2004 -2005 Full cycle of vibration/shock of the Flight Model passed at IABG/Munich, January 2005 PAMELA Flight Model delivered to Russia, April 2005 Reopening of PAMELA Flight Model in Ts. SKB R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Status Detectors tested at PS/SPS test facilities as prototypes and in FM configuration PAMELA Mass&Thermal Model qualified, March-May 2003 PAMELA Technological Model completed and delivered to Russia, December 2003 PAMELA Flight Model assembled in Rome TV clean room, 2004 -2005 Full cycle of vibration/shock of the Flight Model passed at IABG/Munich, January 2005 PAMELA Flight Model delivered to Russia, April 2005 PAMELA Pressurized container tested with Resurs-DK 1 Satellite, June 2005 Tests of PAMELA Pressurized Container tilting mechanism R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Status Detectors tested at PS/SPS test facilities as prototypes and in FM configuration PAMELA Mass&Thermal Model qualified, March-May 2003 PAMELA Technological Model completed and delivered to Russia, December 2003 PAMELA Flight Model assembled in Rome TV clean room, 2004 -2005 Full cycle of vibration/shock of the Flight Model passed at IABG/Munich, January 2005 PAMELA Flight Model delivered to Russia, April 2005 PAMELA Pressurized container tested with Resurs-DK 1 Satellite, June 2005 Ongoing tests on Resurs-DK 1 Satellite Antennas of Resurs_DK 1 R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

PAMELA Status Detectors tested at PS/SPS test facilities as prototypes and in FM configuration PAMELA Mass&Thermal Model qualified, March-May 2003 PAMELA Technological Model completed and delivered to Russia, December 2003 PAMELA Flight Model assembled in Rome TV clean room, 2004 -2005 Full cycle of vibration/shock of the Flight Model passed at IABG/Munich, January 2005 PAMELA Flight Model delivered to Russia, April 2005 PAMELA Pressurized container tested with Resurs-DK 1 Satellite, June 2005 Ongoing tests on Resurs-DK 1 Satellite Resurs_DK 1 on the shaker R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Integration in Bajkonur cosmodrome, December 2005 R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Conclusions I § PAMELA is the first space experiment which will measure Antiprotons and Positrons to high energies (≥ 200 Ge. V) with an unprecedented statistical precision; § PAMELA will set a new lower limit for finding Antihelium; § PAMELA will look for Dark Matter candidates; § PAMELA will provide measurements on elemental spectra and low mass isotopes with an unprecedented statistical precision and will help to improve the understanding of particle propagation in the interstellar medium; § PAMELA will be able to measure the high energy tail of solar spectra and for the first time solar positrons. R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005

Conclusions II § Pamela has been delivered to Russia at the end of March 2005; § PAMELA has collected ground cosmic-rays for various months at the laboratories of Rome Tor Vergata and at the Samara Ts. SKB-Progress factory; § All detectors are performing as designed and PAMELA seems able to achieve its scientific goals; § Right now PAMELA is undergoing the integrations tests with the Resurs-DK 1 satellite in Samara; § By mid November 2005 PAMELA will be delivered to Bajkonur for the launch into orbit foreseen for beginning 2006 ! R. Sparvoli - 9 th ICATPP Conference - Villa Olmo - October 2005