Latin American Revolutions What was the Grito de

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Latin American Revolutions � What was the “Grito de Delores”? � Who was Father

Latin American Revolutions � What was the “Grito de Delores”? � Who was Father Miguel Hidalgo? � How did the Age of Enlightenment change traditional ways of thinking? � What role did the “precursors” of the revolutions, such as Francisco de Miranda, play in encouraging new ways of thinking? � How did Spain change its policy regarding the hiring of government officials in the colonies? � How did Creoles and Peninsulares feel about each other?

� What issues of trade and commerce aggravated many Creole businessmen? � How did

� What issues of trade and commerce aggravated many Creole businessmen? � How did the Spanish colonies of Latin America view their place within the Empire? � How did Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal play out? � Where did the Portuguese royal family move to? � Whom did Napoleon place on the throne of Spain? � What was a junta? � How did the colonial juntas respond to the juntas in Spain?

� In what way was the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula the straw

� In what way was the Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula the straw that broke the colonial back? � Why did the Hidalgo revolt receive little support from the Creoles of New Spain? � What policies was Hidalgo looking to change in his attempted revolution? � What was Bolivar’s appraisal of Latin America according to his “Jamaica Letter” of 1815? � What did the Creoles of Venezuela declare on July 5, 1811? � Was that declaration welcomed by everyone in Venezuela?

� Who was Simon Bolivar? � How did his experiences in Europe shape his

� Who was Simon Bolivar? � How did his experiences in Europe shape his political beliefs and ambitions? � Whom did Bolivar convince to lead the first attempt at establishing Venezuelan independence? � What role did an earthquake play in bringing about an end to the First Republic in Venezuela? � How did Bolivar react to news that Miranda was secretly negotiating a surrender with Royalist forces? � What happened to the First Republic of Venezuela?

� What happened in Buenos Aires on July 27, 1806? � What was the

� What happened in Buenos Aires on July 27, 1806? � What was the purpose of the English invasion? � How did the viceroy and peninsulares respond? � How did the local Creoles respond? � What did the British do after being driven out of Buenos Aires? � How did the occupation of Montevideo turn out for the British? � Why did the Creoles not welcome the British?

� What did the locals do with the Spanish viceroy of the La Plata

� What did the locals do with the Spanish viceroy of the La Plata region? � What is a cabildo abierto? � What sort of reforms did the new junta of Buenos Aires bring in? � What were portenos? � Why was there a split between many of the portenos and their compatriots who lived farther inland? � Describe the socio-economic structure of Bolivia. � How had the Tupac Amaru II uprising in the late 1700 s affected the Creole elite in Bolivia?

� How did the first attempt at revolution in Bolivia make out in 1809?

� How did the first attempt at revolution in Bolivia make out in 1809? Why? � From where was the idea of revolution introduced to Bolivia? How? � In 1810 Buenos Aires sent an army into Bolivia to bring freedom. How did the expedition go? � Why did many of the Bolivian Creoles not welcome the liberating army from Buenos Aires? � How did the second expedition, launched in 1813, turn out? � How did the third expedition, in 1815, end up?

were the montoneros? � Why were Lima and Buenos Aires so determined to take

were the montoneros? � Why were Lima and Buenos Aires so determined to take control of Bolivia (Upper Peru)? � Why did the local Creole elite tend to side with Lima? � What were the obstacles Buenos Aires faced in trying to subdue Bolivia? � What were some of the advantages and disadvantages to independence minded Montevideans as a result of the city’s location? � Who

� Who was Jose Artigas? � What is a caudillo? � What was the

� Who was Jose Artigas? � What is a caudillo? � What was the “Grito de Asuncion”, issued in February 1811? � How did the Spanish viceroy in Montevideo handle the dual attack from Uruguayan and Argentine patriots? � How did the Argentines respond to Brazil’s incursion into the Rio de la Plata region? � Why is Artigas’ retreat from Montevideo into the hinterland considered a significant moment in Uruguayan history? � What happened in 1817 after Artigas has taken control of Montevideo?

� How long would it be until Uruguay became an independent country? � Why

� How long would it be until Uruguay became an independent country? � Why did it take so long? � What was Paraguay’s social and economic state as of 1810? � How did the Paraguayans react to Spain’s attempt to speak for all the colonies? � How did Buenos Aires react to Paraguay’s refusal to go along with its junta? � How did the military campaign go for the Argentines? � What did Paraguay do on May 17, 1811?

� Did Paraguay develop into a democracy right away? � What did Jose Francia

� Did Paraguay develop into a democracy right away? � What did Jose Francia declare himself to be in 1815? � Why do you think it was relatively easy for Paraguay to reach independence? � Why would many Chilean Creoles already consider themselves to be Chilean by the time Napoleon invaded Spain? � How did the Creoles of Chile outmaneuver the viceroy? � What did the cabildo abierto of September 10, 1810 decide?

� What steps did the junta take that were clear indicators of a desire

� What steps did the junta take that were clear indicators of a desire for independence? � What did Jose Carrera do in July of 1811? Why? � What reforms did Carrera institute while in power? � Was everyone happy with Carrera’s style of leadership? Why not? � Who was Bernardo O’Higgins? � Where did the most serious opposition to Chilean independence come from? � Where did O’Higgins and many of the survivors of the Battle of Rancagua flee? � What were the following years like for the patriotic Creoles of Chile?

� How did the journey to independence begin for the people of Ecuador? �

� How did the journey to independence begin for the people of Ecuador? � Why did they not achieve independence until Bolivar’s armies marched south from Colombia in 1822? � Why did the juntas of Colombia ultimately fail? � Why did Bolivar leave Colombia for Jamaica? � Why did most of the Creoles of Peru not take up the cause of Independence? � What impact did the native rebellion led by Mateo Pumacahua have on the Creoles? � What role did the Viceroy of Peru, Jose Fernando de Abascal play in the counterrevolutionary movement?

� What was happening in Spain while the colonies were considering independence? � What

� What was happening in Spain while the colonies were considering independence? � What was the Cortes convened in Spain and what sort of decisions did it make? � Were Creole representatives from the Americas permitted to attend? � How did the Creoles who went feel about their treatment? � Why was the liberal constitution of 1812 short lived? � Why was Ferdinand VII able to reassert royal control over the colonies?

� Who was Jose Maria Morelos? � What did he declare in 1810? �

� Who was Jose Maria Morelos? � What did he declare in 1810? � Why was popular with the lower classes in Mexico? � What did he mean when he declared that “all the inhabitants except Europeans…will be known as Americans”? � What types of reforms did he support? � Why did the Creoles of Mexico not support him? � What happened to Morelos on December 22, 1815? � To where did Bolivar flee after the defeat of the First Republic in Venezuela? � What did Bolivar call for in the Cartegena Manifesto?

� What would have caused Bolivar to come to the conclusion that unity was

� What would have caused Bolivar to come to the conclusion that unity was the key to winning independence? � What moment of glory did Bolivar experience in 1813? � Why didn’t it last? � Who were the llaneros? � Why did many blacks, and pardos not support the revolutionary cause? � When did the second Venezuelan republic come to an end? � What was the state of Spanish America by the end of 1816?

� What was Great Britain’s attitude toward the rebellious colonies of Spanish America? �

� What was Great Britain’s attitude toward the rebellious colonies of Spanish America? � How did this somewhat contradict their policy towards Spain? � What was the level of US involvement in Latin America? � Why did they take a position of neutrality? � Why did Haiti support Bolivar’s cause? � When did Bolivar return to Venezuela? � What type of government did Bolivar propose in his Jamaica letter? � Why did he feel the need for a strong executive?

� Which part of Venezuela did Bolivar make his “home base”? � Why did

� Which part of Venezuela did Bolivar make his “home base”? � Why did the llanos prove to be an excellent region in which to operate? � Who was Joes Antonio Paez? � How did Bolivar change the direction of the war in 1819? � Was his attack into Colombia successful? � Why is the Battle of Boyaca on August 7, 1819 important? � What role did British soldiers play in the battles in Venezuela and Colombia?

� In what shape had Bolivar’s push toward Caracas left him and his army?

� In what shape had Bolivar’s push toward Caracas left him and his army? � What was Britain’s position on the recruitment of British citizens to serve in Bolivar’s army? � How did being named president of Venezuela help Bolivar’s cause? Did it make much of a difference in actuality? � Why did Bolivar decide to attack in New Granada (Colombia)?

� What evidence is there of a rivalry between Bolivar and Paez? � What

� What evidence is there of a rivalry between Bolivar and Paez? � What was the journey through the floodplains and into the mountains like for the Army of the West? � What was the state of the army as it came out of the mountains? � How did it survive? � Why did opposing forces not crush Bolivar’s army as it came through the mountains?

� What was the order of battle at Boyaca Bridge. August 7 th, 1819?

� What was the order of battle at Boyaca Bridge. August 7 th, 1819? � How did the Viceroy and other Spanish officials in Bogota react to the news of the victory at Boyaca? � Provide evidence of just how important the victory was to the overall course of independence in Spanish America. � Why was Bolivar upset with Santander’s decision to execute Royalist prisoners in Bogota? � What events in Spain helped Bolivar’s campaign in Venezuela in 1820? � Why is the Battle of Carabobo, on June 24, 1821, important? � How did Bolivar feel about the Paez and the Llaneros? How did he handle them?

� What was Gran Colombia and who was named as it’s president? � What

� What was Gran Colombia and who was named as it’s president? � What sort of constitution did the new state possess? � Who was General Antonio José de Sucre? � What did Bolivar think of him? � What role did he play in the liberation of Ecuador and Peru? � What happened on the slopes of Pichincha on May 24, 1822? � Who finally met in the city of Guayaquil in July of 1822? � What had San Martin accomplished by late 1816?

� What was San Martin’s strategic vision, or what did he plan to do

� What was San Martin’s strategic vision, or what did he plan to do with his new army? � What was the political situation in Buenos Aires by 1816? � What happened at Tucumán in 1816? � What did the constitution of the newly independent Argentina call for? � Why did some of the provinces revolt against it? � What evidence is there that San Martin was a modest man, not overly interested in fighting for personal gain? � How would you describe San Martin’s preparations for his invasion of Chile? � What challenges did San Martin had to consider while planning his crossing of the Andes? � How did he plan to overcome them?

� What role did the Lautaro Lodge play in supplying San Martin’s army while

� What role did the Lautaro Lodge play in supplying San Martin’s army while maintaining secrecy? � From where were the soldiers who made up the Army of the Andes? � How did San Martin handle the issue of including former slaves in the army? � How did San Martin manage to surprise the royalist forces in Chile? � What toll did the passage of the Andes take on the men and animals of the army? � Why did San Martin order his army, lacking artillery, to attack the royalist forces at Chacabuco? � What role did O’Higgins play in the battle? Did the Argentines appreciate his efforts?

� Was the victory at Chacabuco decisive? � What did it allow the Army

� Was the victory at Chacabuco decisive? � What did it allow the Army of the Andes to do? � Why did San Martin want O’Higgins to head up the new Chilean government? � Would it be fair to say that in his success San Martin had risen above the politics of Buenos Aires? � Why did San Martin want to cultivate a special relationship with Britain? � What was San Martin’s opinion of the creole elite in Chile? � How important was the patriot victory on the plains of Maipu on April 5 th, 1818? � What was his strategic plan for Chile and Peru?

� What was San Martin’s act of “historic disobedience? ” � How did he

� What was San Martin’s act of “historic disobedience? ” � How did he end up having to make such a decision? � From where did San Martin get the ships to build his new navy? � Who was Thomas Cochrane? � What sort of commander was he? � When did San Martin head for Peru? � How did he get there?

� Why did San Martin’s strategy to take Peru hinge on the patriot’s ability

� Why did San Martin’s strategy to take Peru hinge on the patriot’s ability to win the support of the Peruvian people, particularly the Creole elite? � What sort of government did San Martin want for Peru? � Did San Martin’s declaration of Peruvian independence on July 28, 1820, after occupying Lima reflect the true state of affairs in Peru? � What sorts of problems did San Martin face as he planned his attack on the highlands?

� What was the nature of the discussion between Bolivar and San Martin at

� What was the nature of the discussion between Bolivar and San Martin at Guayaquil in July 1822? � Why did San Martin leave the meeting and head into exile in Europe? � What did Spanish liberals force Ferdinand VII to do in 1820? � What new measures did the Cortes bring in? � Why would Creoles in Mexico not like these developments? � Who was Agustin de Iturbide? � What did he intend to do?

� What was Iturbide supposed to do when he led his army into the

� What was Iturbide supposed to do when he led his army into the field in late 1820? What did he actually do? � Who was Vicente Guerrero? � Why did the two join forces? � What was the “Plan of Iguala”? � What were three guarantees that the plan presented to the people of Mexico? � What is important about September 28, 1821? � Whom did they recruit to be the emperor of the new Mexican empire?

� How did Iturbide do as Emperor Augustin I? � Who became the first

� How did Iturbide do as Emperor Augustin I? � Who became the first president of Mexico in 1824? � Was there any significant movement for independence in the colonies of Central America? � How did they break away from Spain? � In July of 1823 the United Provinces of Central America was born. Which nations were part of it? � When did Bolivar travel to Peru and why? � What title did the Peruvian congress give to Bolivar?

� Why did Bolivar refer to Peru as a “chamber of horrors”? � By

� Why did Bolivar refer to Peru as a “chamber of horrors”? � By August 6, 1824 what was the background and quality of Bolivar’s army? � Why was the battle of Junin important? � What happened on December 8, 1824 at the Battle of Ayacucho? � What role did Sucre play in bringing out the final defeat of royalist forces in Upper Peru? � On August 6, 1824 Bolivia officially declared independence. What sort of constitution did Bolivar create for the new country?

� Why was the constitution considered to be poorly designed? � How had King

� Why was the constitution considered to be poorly designed? � How had King Joao transformed Brazil’s status with relation to Portugal? � How did Brazil benefit from serving as a royal capital? � Why did King Joao finally return to Portugal? � Whom did he leave behind to run things in Brazil? � Why did many Brazilians resent the presence of the Portuguese who arrived with the king? � What did the Portuguese Cortes do in 1821 that most Brazilian Creoles just could not accept? � What had the king advised Prince Pedro to do if things got ugly in Brazil?

� What did Pedro declare in his Grito de Ipiranga in September of 1822?

� What did Pedro declare in his Grito de Ipiranga in September of 1822? � Was there a prolonged and bloody fight for Brazilian independence? � Was it smooth sailing for Pedro in the new Empire of Brazil? � Did people appreciate his insistence on a conservative constitution? � What was the benefit of Pedro’s presence in Brazil?