LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS 1800 1914 BACKGROUND Indigenous
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS, 1800 -1914
BACKGROUND Indigenous Maya, Aztec, Inca European Spain, peoples and civilizations Colonization, 1500 s Portugal, France American Revolution, 1776 French Revolution and Enlightenment, 1789 Napoleon’s conquests within Europe, 1800 s
LATIN AMERICAN SOCIAL CLASSES Peninsulares Held - men born in Spain highest offices Creoles - Spaniards born in Latin America Officers in army, but not in government Often resented power of the peninsulares Mestizos - mixed European and Indian Mulattos - mixed European and African Indians
EUROPEAN BACKGROUND: NAPOLEON Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808. Removed Spain’s King Ferdinand VII and made Joseph (his brother) king of Spain. Creoles used it as a reason for revolution. 1810 rebellion across Latin America. 1814, Napoleon defeated and Ferdinand returned to power, but creoles cont’d their movement.
CAUSES OF LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS, 18 TH & 19 TH C. Creoles and mestizos grow discontented with Spanish rule Enlightenment ideas Revolutions in American and France Spain’s power weakens Spain tries to restore authority in colonies Strong leaders call for independence
SIMON BOLIVAR Wealthy Venezuelan creole “The Liberator”
VENEZUELAN INDEPENDENCE, 1821 Venezuela declared independence, 1811 Bolivar’s armies unsuccessful at first 1819: Bolivar marched armies over Andes into today’s Colombia, defeated Spanish army 1821: Venezuelan independence Marched SW to Ecuador to meet Jose de San Martin
JOSE DE SAN MARTIN Simple, modest man Born in Argentina, spent time in Spain as military officer
Lima, Peru
ARGENTINEAN INDEPENDENCE Argentina declared independence in 1816 San Martin led army across Andes to Chile, joined by Bernardo Higgins, and freed Chile Ecuador, 1822: San Martin met with Bolivar to decide how to remove remaining Spanish forces in Lima, Peru
San Martin Bolivar
GRAN COLOMBIA, 1820 -1830 Bolivar’s vision of a united South America Present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama Short-lived due to dissension amongst various factions Bolivar resigned in 1828 Panama later split from Colombia with US assistance, 1903
MEXICO Indians and mestizos, not creoles, played the key role in independence movements. Creoles sided with Spain to avoid violence of lower-class rebellions (until 1820).
MIGUEL HIDALGO A village priest, believed in Enlightenment ideals 1810, called for revolution. Grito de Dolores Hidalgo’s Indian and mestizo followers marched to Mexico City Spanish army and creoles acted against Hidalgo and defeated him in 1811
JOSE MARIA MORELOS Took leadership after Hidalgo’s defeat Defeated by creoles
MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE, 1821 1820 revolution in Spain put a liberal government in power Mexican creoles feared loss of influence, so they united against Spain Agustin Iturbide declared himself emperor, but was overthrown 1824: Establishment of the Mexican Republic
GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE Mexico's Congress then followed the wishes of the liberals and began to write a constitution for a federal republic But the creoles still disagreed on how the constitution should be written Conservatives wanted a strong central government and wanted Roman Catholicism to be the national religion, as it had been under Spanish rule Liberals wanted the central government to have less power and the states more, and they called for freedom of religion. The groups finally reached a compromise, though many conservative creoloes did not support it. In 1824, Mexico became a republic with a president and a two-house Congress heading the national government, and governors and legislatures heading the states. Guadalupe Victoria, a follower of Hidalgo and Morelos, became the first president.
ANTONIO LOPEZ DE SANTA ANNA A caudillo, strong arm ruler Fought for independence from Spain in 1821 and again in 1829 when Spain tried to reconquer Mexico Between 1833 and 1855, president four times Santa Anna was Emperor of the largest empire in western world Switched sides to keep himself in power From southern Mexico through TX, all of what is now the US southwest, CA and some of OR Was Emperor for a short time – until Texas defeated Mexico in its War of Independence, but never really had control of his empire
TEXAS REVOLT 1820 s, Mexico invited English-speaking settlers (Anglos) to settle Mexican territory of Texas Cheap land if they supported the Mexican govt Texans soon wanted self-govt, Mexico refused 1835, Stephen Austin encouraged revolt Santa Anna led Mexican troops; defeated, 1836 1845, US annexed Texas; invaded Mexico 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo gave US land
BENITO JUAREZ Poor, orphaned Zapotec Indian; law degree and local governor La Reforma: reform movement Redistribution of land, separation of church and state, education Santa Anna sent him into exile Set up a liberal government, but plagued by conservative rebels
FRENCH RULE Conservative rebels plotted with France to reconquer Mexico Napoleon III sent armies to Mexico Cinco de Mayo, 1862: Zaragoza won the Battle of Puebla against the French, but the French won the war Napoleon III appointed a relative, Austrian archduke Maximilian, as emperor of Mexico Juarez resisted, US sent troops to Mexico French gave up in 1867 Juarez continued reforms
PORFIRIO DIAZ, 1870 S-1911 Mid-1870 s, new caudillo Indian who rose up through the ranks Supported by Indians, small landowners and military “Order and progress, ” but no liberty
MEXICAN REVOLUTION (AGAINST DIAZ) Francisco “Pancho” Villa - Robin-Hood policy Emiliano Zapata - “Tierra y libertad” Francisco Madero - appointed President, but resigned and was murdered General Victoriano Huerta took presidency Villa and Zapata supported Venustiano Carranza, overthrew Huerta. Carranza murdered Zapata. 1917, new constitution (in use today) Carranza otherthrown by Alvaro Obregon
PORTUGUESE RULE Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 divided the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal was mostly focused on routes to Asia in the 15 th and 16 th centuries
BRAZILIAN INDEPENDENCE In 1807, Napoleon marched on Iberian peninsula, forcing Portuguese royal family of King John VI to escape to Brazil, Portugal’s largest colony. From 1807 to 1815, Brazil was center of Portuguese empire.
BRAZILIAN INDEPENDENCE With defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Portugal wanted Brazil to become a colony again. By 1822, creoles demanding independence signed a petition asking Portugal’s prince, Dom Pedro, to rule Brazil. On Sept 7, 1822, Dom Pedro agreed, and declared Brazil’s independence Emperor Pedro I, to emulate Napoleon and to unify various elements of Brazil. Pedro’s political and personal problems led to a decline in his popularity. 1889, Brazilians overthrew Pedro’s successor and declared their country a republic.
UNITED PROVINCES OF CENTRAL AMERICA Several other Central American states declared their independence from both Spain and Mexico to create the United Provinces of Central America.
By 1841, United Provinces of Central America had split into republics of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras. Conservative clergy and wealthy landowners resisted liberal, democratic reforms. Inability to agree to terms of a canal cost it much-needed revenue.
GROWING SIGNIFICANT ROLE OF THE MILITARY Stepped in to fill admin positions where inexperienced Creoles failed Often drawn from independence armies. Possessed organization skills Gained support of Creole landowners and church officials eager to suppress peasant unrest Often faced revolts and coups, too Military hierarchy helped compensate for weakly developed civil administrations
LATE 19 TH CENTURY TRENDS: Strongman Rule, Liberalism, commercial development Dictators in Venezuela, Mexico, Colombia Caudillo = strongman leader Relied on force Outlawed opposition, regulated schools and newspapers Used jails, police and firing squads Often corrupt Sometimes supported liberal policies Liberal governments return to power Even strongmen often supported “liberal” policies Regular elections, but with restricted voting rights (oligarchic democracies)
TREND TOWARDS COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT Mining Estate agriculture (Shift from plantation) Extension of road and rail networks. Foreign investment. Immigration. End of slavery in 1880 s Leads to new demand for labor Argentina’s policies encouraging immigration led to 3/4 of the pop foreign-born.
RESULTS OF LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS Political/Social: Continued battles between liberals, conservatives and the military over how to best rule Tensions between articulate political forces and the separate masses Economic: Unable to free itself from dependence on Western-controlled economic patterns. Cultural/intelligent: Distinct cultural entity Combination of Western styles and values plus its racial diversity, colonial past, and social structure of a semi-colonial economy
RESULTS Caudillos Strong military leaders emerge Dictatorship and totalitarian systems emerge Dependency theory challenged Western European markets determine the product South America dependent upon others buying their one crop Banana Republics United Fruit Company controlled Central America in late 19 th and early 20 th century Phrase coined to designate politically unstable, dependent on limited agriculture, and ruled by a small, wealthy and corrupt clique put in power by the United States government in conjunction with the CIA and the US business lobby
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