LATIN AMERICA INDEPENDENCE Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 divided

LATIN AMERICA INDEPENDENCE

Treaty of Tordesillas • 1494 divided the Atlantic world between two maritime powers, reserving for Portugal the West African coast and the route to India. Giving Spain the oceans and the lands to the west

Viceroy • A governor or ruler exercising authority on behalf of a sovereign in a province or colony

Mestizo • A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry

Peninsulares • Pure Spanish people who were appointed by the king to have political authority over everyone in their colonies

encomienda system • A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

Miguel Hidalgo • - Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain.

Toussaint L'ouverture • 1803 -led a slave rebellion that took control of Haiti, most important of French colonial possessions. Soured Napoleon to new world. Encouraged Louisiana Purchase.

Dom Pedro • A member of the Portuguese royal family, who ruled Brazil and declared it independent in 1822. He accepted a constitution that provided for the freedom of press, religion, and an elected legislature.

Simon Bolivar • (1783 -1830) South American revolutionary leader who was nicknamed the Liberator, he fought many battles for independence, winning the support of many U. S. leaders.

Jose de San Martin • South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru