LATIN ADJECTIVES GENERAL PRINCIPLES As in French Latin

LATIN ADJECTIVES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES • As in French, Latin adjectives can go before or after a noun. They more often go after the noun. • Also as in French, the forms of adjectives change depending on whether the noun is singular or plural and on its gender. • Latin is a little more complicated because – There are three genders – masculine, feminine and neuter – Adjectives also change according to the grammatical role of the noun it goes with – e. g. the endings are different when the noun is the subject of a verb from when it is the object

ADJECTIVES IN -US, -A, -UM • These adjectives have masculine endings like servus, feminine ones like ancilla and neuter ones like tablīnum • So, the singular subject endings are: Masc –us, Fem -a, Neut -um and the singular object endings are: Masc -um, Fem -am, Neut -um: • Look at these examples with puer, leō, umbrivir , liber (masculine). puella, rēgīna (feminine) and computātrum (neuter) – Puer malus puellam bonam pulsat. The bad boy hits the good girl [the boy is subject as he does the hitting, the girl is object as he gets hit! ] – Rēgīna bona leōnem ignāvum spectat. The good queen looks at a lazy lion. [the queen is subject as she does the looking, the lion is object as he gets looked at; leōnem has –em for the object ending but ignāvum keeps –um as it is an –us, -a, -um adjective] – Computātrum insānum mē terret. The crazy computer frightens me [the computer is subject as it does the terrifying!] – Puella irāta computātrum stultum pulsat. An angry girl hits a stupid computer. [the girl does the hitting, the computer gets hit – notice the neuter keeps the same form whether it is subject or object] – Umbrivir insānus librum magnum tenet. A crazy gweilo is holding a big book. [the gweilo does the holding, the book gets held]

ADJECTIVES IN -US, -A, -UM (PLURAL) • • The plural subject endings are: Masc –ī, Fem -ae, Neut -a and the plural object endings are: Masc -ōs, Fem -ās, Neut -a: Look at these sentences with the same nouns in the plural: – Puerī malī puellās bonās pulsant. The bad boys hit the good girls [the boys are subject as they do the hitting, the girls are object as they get hit! ] – Rēgīnae bonae leōnēs ignāvōs spectant. The good queens look at lazy lions. [the queens are subject as they do the looking, the lions are object as they get looked at; leōnēs has –ēs for the object ending but ignāvōs keeps –ōs as it is an –us, -a, -um adjective] – Computātra insāna mē terrent. The crazy computers frighten me [the computer is subject as it does the terrifying!] – Puellae irātae computātra stulta pulsant. Angry girls hit stupid computers. [the girls do the hitting, the computers get hit – notice the neuter keeps the same form whether it is subject or object] – Umbrivirī insānī librōs magnōs tenent. Crazy gweilos are holding big books. [the gweilos do the holding, the books get held]

THE –ER VARIATION • A few adjectives (like a few nouns in the 2 nd. Declension) have a Masculine Nominative singular ending -er instead of –us: – miser (miserable, wretched) līber (free) – sacer (sacred) pulcher (beautiful) • All the other forms of such adjectives (i. e. the other masculine cases and all of the Feminine and Neuter ones) add the normal endings after the r, with the preceding e sometimes retained and sometimes dropped: – (keeping e): miser, misera, miserum – līber, lībera, līberum – (dropping e): sacer, sacra, sacrum – pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum

Now answer each question and check your answer with the following slide • What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural object? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural object? • bonās

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine singular subject? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine singular subject? • bonus

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine singular subject? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine singular subject? • bona

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter singular subject? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter singular subject? • bonum

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine singular object? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine singular object? • bonum

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine singular object? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine singular object? • bonam

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter singular object? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter singular object? • bonum

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine plural subject? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine plural subject? • bonī

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural subject? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural subject? • bonae

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter plural subject? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter plural subject? • bona

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine plural object? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a masculine plural object? • bonōs

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural object? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a feminine plural object? • bonās

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter plural object? • ?

• What form of bonus goes with a neuter plural object? • bona

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnus (big), stultās (foolish), probae (honest), parva (small), īnsānōs (crazy), Graecī (Greek), album (white), mea (my) • • Puella ____ cēnam coquit. Leō _____ in hortō ambulat. (leō is masculine) Caecilius mercātōrēs _____ salūtat. (mercātōrēs, m. ) Librum _______ in mēnsam pōnō. (liber, m. ) Puerī ____ theātrum spectant. Pōcula ____ sunt in cubiculō. (pōculum, n. ) Rēgīnās ____ nōn amāmus (rēgīnā = queen) Fēminae _____ Quīntum dēlectant.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnus (big), stultās (foolish), probae (honest), parva (small), īnsānōs (crazy), Graecī (Greek), album (white), mea (my) • • Puella __parva/mea__ cēnam coquit. Leō _____ in hortō ambulat. (leō is masculine) Caecilius mercātōrēs _____ salūtat. (mercātōrēs, m. ) Librum _______ in mēnsam pōnō. (liber, m. ) Puerī ____ theātrum spectant. Pōcula ____ sunt in cubiculō. (pōculum, n. ) Rēgīnās ____ nōn amāmus (rēgīnā = queen) Fēminae _____ Quīntum dēlectant.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnus (big), stultās (foolish), probae (honest), parva (small), īnsānōs (crazy), Graecī (Greek), album (white), mea (my) • • Puella __parva/mea__ cēnam coquit. Leō ___magnus_ in hortō ambulat. (leō is masculine) Caecilius mercātōrēs _____ salūtat. (mercātōrēs, m. ) Librum _______ in mēnsam pōnō. (liber, m. ) Puerī ____ theātrum spectant. Pōcula ____ sunt in cubiculō. (pōculum, n. ) Rēgīnās ____ nōn amāmus (rēgīnā = queen) Fēminae _____ Quīntum dēlectant.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnus (big), stultās (foolish), probae (honest), parva (small), īnsānōs (crazy), Graecī (Greek), album (white), mea (my) • • Puella __parva/mea__ cēnam coquit. Leō __magnus__ in hortō ambulat. (leō is masculine) Caecilius mercātōrēs _ īnsānōs _ salūtat. (mercātōrēs, m. ) Librum _______ in mēnsam pōnō. (liber, m. ) Puerī ____ theātrum spectant. Pōcula ____ sunt in cubiculō. (pōculum, n. ) Rēgīnās ____ nōn amāmus (rēgīnā = queen) Fēminae _____ Quīntum dēlectant.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnus (big), stultās (foolish), probae (honest), parva (small), īnsānōs (crazy), Graecī (Greek), album (white), mea (my) • • Puella __ parva/mea _ cēnam coquit. Leō _ magnus _ in hortō ambulat. (leō is masculine) Caecilius mercātōrēs īnsānōs salūtat. (mercātōrēs, m. ) Librum _album_ in mēnsam pōnō. . (liber, m. ) Puerī ______ theātrum spectant. Pōcula _____ sunt in cubiculō (pōculum, n. ) Rēgīnās ____ nōn amāmus (rēgīnā = queen) Fēminae _____ Quīntum dēlectant.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnus (big), stultās (foolish), probae (honest), parva (small), īnsānōs (crazy), Graecī (Greek), album (white), mea (my) • • Puella __ parva/mea _ cēnam coquit. Leō _ magnus _ in hortō ambulat. (leō is masculine) Caecilius mercātōrēs īnsānōs salūtat. (mercātōrēs, m. ) Librum _album_ in mēnsam pōnō. . (liber, m. ) Puerī _Graecī _ theātrum spectant. Pōcula _____ sunt in cubiculō (pōculum, n. ) Rēgīnās _____ nōn amāmus (rēgīnā = queen) Fēminae _____ Quīntum dēlectant.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnus (big), stultās (foolish), probae (honest), parva (small), īnsānōs (crazy), Graecī (Greek), album (white), mea (my) • • Puella __ parva/mea _ cēnam coquit. Leō _ magnus _ in hortō ambulat. (leō is masculine) Caecilius mercātōrēs īnsānōs salūtat. (mercātōrēs, m. ) Librum _album_ in mēnsam pōnō. . (liber, m. ) Puerī _Graecī _ theātrum spectant. Pōcula _parva/mea_ sunt in cubiculō (pōculum, n. ) Rēgīnās ____ nōn amāmus (rēgīnā = queen) Fēminae ____ Quīntum dēlectant.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnus (big), stultās (foolish), probae (honest), parva (small), īnsānōs (crazy), Graecī (Greek), album (white), mea (my) • • Puella __ parva/mea _ cēnam coquit. Leō _ magnus _ in hortō ambulat. (leō is masculine) Caecilius mercātōrēs īnsānōs salūtat. (mercātōrēs, m. ) Librum _album_ in mēnsam pōnō. . (liber, m. ) Puerī _Graecī _ theātrum spectant. Pōcula _parva/mea_ sunt in cubiculō (pōculum, n. ) Rēgīnās _ stultās _ nōn amāmus (rēgīnā = queen) Fēminae _____ Quīntum dēlectant.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnus (big), stultās (foolish), probae (honest), parva (small), īnsānōs (crazy), Graecī (Greek), album (white), mea (my) • • Puella __ parva/mea _ cēnam coquit. Leō _ magnus _ in hortō ambulat. (leō is masculine) Caecilius mercātōrēs īnsānōs salūtat. (mercātōrēs, m. ) Librum _album_ in mēnsam pōnō. . (liber, m. ) Puerī _Graecī _ theātrum spectant. Pōcula _parva/mea_ sunt in cubiculō (pōculum, n. ) Rēgīnās _ stultās _ nōn amāmus (rēgīnā = queen) Fēminae __probae_ Quīntum dēlectant.

ADJECTIVES IN -US, -A, -UM GENITIVE, DATIVE, ABLATIVE • • The singular Genitive (possessive) endings are: Masc –ī, Fem -ae, Neut -ī, the singular Dative (indirect object) endings are: Masc -ō, Fem -ae, Neuter –ō, and the singular Ablative endings: Masc -ō, Fem -ā, Neuter –ō Look at these examples with puer, leō, umbrivir , liber (masculine). puella, rēgīna (feminine), computātrum (neuter) and amīcus (masculine) – Puer puellae bonae pecūniam dat. The boy gives the good girl money – Rēgīna leōnī ignāvō cibum dat. The queen gives food to a lazy lion. [the ending on ignāvō is not the same as on leōnī because the adjective and the noun belong to different declensions, but the gender and case are the same (masculine Dative singular). – Liber puerī īnsānī est in mēnsā. The crazy boy’s book is on the table – Ubi est computātrum puellae irātae? Where is the angry girl’s computer? – Servus rēgīnae ignāvae librum rēgis probī tenet. The slave of the lazy queen is holding the honest king’s book. – Cum amīcō cārō ambulō. I am walking with a dear friend.

ADJECTIVES IN -US, -A, -UM GENITIVE, DATIVE, ABLATIVE (PLURAL) • • The plural Genitive endings: Masc –ōrum, Fem -ārum, Neut - ōrum and the plural Dative and Ablative ending is -īs for all genders Look at these examples with puer, leō, umbrivir , liber (masculine). puella, rēgīna (feminine) and computātrum (neuter) – Puer puellīs bonīs pecūniam dat. The boy gives the good girls money – Rēgīna leōnibus ignāvīs cibum dat. The queen gives food to the lazy lions. [the ending on ignāvīs is not the same as on leōnibus because the adjective and the noun belong to different declensions, but the gender and case are the same (masculine Dative singular). – Liberī puerōrum īnsānōrum sunt in mēnsā. The crazy boy’s books are on the table – Ubi sunt computātra puellārum īrātārum? Where are the angry girls’ computers? – Servī rēgīnārum ignāvārum librōs rēgum probōrum tenent. The slaves of the lazy queens are holding the honest kings’ books. – Amīcī mīlitum probōrum sunt in vīllā. The friends of the honest soldiers are in the villa. – Marcus cum puellīs pulchrīs lūdit. Marcus is playing with the beautiful girls

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnīs (big), stultae (foolish), probōrum (honest), parvō (small), īnsānī (crazy), Graecō (Greek), albīs (white), meōrum (my) • • Puellae ____ pecūniam nōn dō. Leōnibus _____ nōn crēdimus. Caecilius verba mercātōrum _____ audit. (mercātōr, , m. ) Fēlibus _______ aquam dare necesse est. Fābulam dominī ____ mē minimē dēlectat Servō ____ ancilla nōn placet. Canī ____ cibum dedī (canis, m. ) Vidistīne librōs amīcorum _____ ?

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnīs (big), stultae (foolish), probōrum (honest), parvō (small), īnsānī (crazy), Graecō (Greek), albīs (white), meōrum (my) • Puellae __stultae____ pecūniam nōn dō. • Leōnibus ___________ nōn crēdimus. • Caecilius verba mercātōrum ___________ audit. (mercātōr, m. ) • Fēlibus _________ aquam dare necesse est. • Fābula dominī _____ mē minimē dēlectat • Servō _________ ancilla nōn placet. • Canī __________ cibum dedī (canis, m. ) • Vidistīne librōs amīcorum ____________ ?

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnīs (big), stultae (foolish), probōrum (honest), parvō (small), īnsānī (crazy), Graecō (Greek), albīs (white), meōrum (white) • Puellae __stultae____ pecūniam nōn dō. • Leōnibus __ magnīs/ albīs _______ nōn crēdimus. • Caecilius verba mercātōrum ___________ audit. (mercātōr, m. ) • Fēlibus _________ aquam dare necesse est. • Fābula dominī _____ mē minimē dēlectat • Servō _________ ancilla nōn placet. • Canī __________ cibum dedī (canis, m. ) • Vidistīne librōs amīcorum ____________ ?

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnīs (big), stultae (foolish), probōrum (honest), parvō (small), īnsānī (crazy), Graecō (Greek), albīs (white), meōrum (my) • Puellae __stultae____ pecūniam nōn dō. • Leōnibus __ magnīs/ albīs _______ nōn crēdimus. • Caecilius verba mercātōrum ___ probōrum/ meōrum _ audit. (mercātōr, m. ) • Fēlibus _________ aquam dare necesse est. • Fābula dominī _____ mē minimē dēlectat • Servō _________ ancilla nōn placet. • Canī __________ cibum dedī (canis, m. ) • Vidistīne librōs amīcorum ____________ ?

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnīs (big), stultae (foolish), probōrum (honest), parvō (small), īnsānī (crazy), Graecō (Greek), albīs (white), meōrum (my) • Puellae __stultae____ pecūniam nōn dō. • Leōnibus __ magnīs/ albīs _______ nōn crēdimus. • Caecilius verba mercātōrum ___ probōrum/ meōrum _ audit. (mercātōr, m. ) • Fēlibus __ magnīs/ albīs __ aquam dare necesse est. • Fābula dominī _____ mē minimē dēlectat • Servō _________ ancilla nōn placet. • Canī __________ cibum dedī (canis, m. ) • Vidistīne librōs amīcorum ____________ ?

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnīs (big), stultae (foolish), probōrum (honest), parvō (small), īnsānī (crazy), Graecō (Greek), albīs (white), meōrum (my) • Puellae __stultae____ pecūniam nōn dō. • Leōnibus __ magnīs/ albīs _______ nōn crēdimus. • Caecilius verba mercātōrum ___ probōrum/ meōrum _ audit. (mercātōr, m. ) • Fēlibus __ magnīs/ albīs __ aquam dare necesse est. • Fābula dominī __ īnsānī _ mē minimē dēlectat • Servō _________ ancilla nōn placet. • Canī __________ cibum dedī (canis, m. ) • Vidistīne librōs amīcorum ____________ ?

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnīs (big), stultae (foolish), probōrum (honest), parvō (small), īnsānī (crazy), Graecō (Greek), albīs (white), meōrum (my) • Puellae __stultae____ pecūniam nōn dō. • Leōnibus __ magnīs/ albīs _______ nōn crēdimus. • Caecilius verba mercātōrum ___ probōrum/ meōrum _ audit. (mercātōr, m. ) • Fēlibus __ magnīs/ albīs __ aquam dare necesse est. • Fābula dominī __ īnsānī _ mē minimē dēlectat • Servō __ parvō/ Graecō _ ancilla nōn placet. • Canī __________ cibum dedī (canis, m. ) • Vidistīne librōs amīcorum ____________ ?

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnīs (big), stultae (foolish), probōrum (honest), parvō (small), īnsānī (crazy), Graecō (Greek), albīs (white), meōrum (white) • Puellae __stultae____ pecūniam nōn dō. • Leōnibus __ magnīs/ albīs _______ nōn crēdimus. • Caecilius verba mercātōrum ___ probōrum/ meōrum _ audit. (mercātōr, m. ) • Fēlibus __ magnīs/ albīs __ aquam dare necesse est. • Fābula dominī __ īnsānī _ mē minimē dēlectat • Servō __ parvō/ Graecō _ ancilla nōn placet. • Canī ___ parvō/ Graecō __ cibum dedī (canis, m. ) • Vidistīne librōs amīcorum ____________ ?

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • magnīs (big), stultae (foolish), probōrum (honest), parvō (small), īnsānī (crazy), Graecō (Greek), albīs (white), meōrum (white) • Puellae __stultae____ pecūniam nōn dō. • Leōnibus __ magnīs/ albīs _______ nōn crēdimus. • Caecilius verba mercātōrum ___ probōrum/ meōrum _ audit. (mercātōr, m. ) • Fēlibus __ magnīs/ albīs __ aquam dare necesse est. • Fābula dominī __ īnsānī _ mē minimē dēlectat • Servō __ parvō/ Graecō _ ancilla nōn placet. • Canī ___ parvō/ Graecō __ cibum dedī (canis, m. ) • Vidistīne librōs amīcorum __ probōrum/ meōrum ___ ?

THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - SINGULAR Masculine Nominative bonus Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Feminine Neuter bona bonum

THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - SINGULAR Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative bonus bona bonum Genitive bonae bonī Dative Accusative Ablative bonī

THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - SINGULAR Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative bonus bona bonum Genitive bonī bonae bonī Dative bonō bonae bonō Accusative Ablative

THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - SINGULAR Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative bonus bona bonum Genitive bonī bonae bonī Dative bonō bonam bonum Accusative bonum Ablative

THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - SINGULAR Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative bonus bona bonum Genitive bonī bonae bonī Dative bonō bonae bonō Accusative bonum bonam bonum Ablative bonā bonō

THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - PLURAL Masculine Nominative bonī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Feminine Neuter bonae bona

THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - PLURAL Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative bonī bonae bona Genitive bonārum bonōrum Dative Accusative Ablative bonōrum

THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - PLURAL Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative bonī bonae bona Genitive bonōrum bonārum bonōrum Dative bonīs Accusative Ablative

THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - PLURAL Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative bonī bonae bona Genitive bonōrum bonārum bonōrum Dative bonīs Accusative bonōs bonās bona Ablative

THE FULL SET OF ENDINGS FOR BONUS - PLURAL Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative bonī bonae bona Genitive bonōrum bonārum bonōrum Dative bonīs Accusative bonōs bonās bona Ablative bonīs

ADJECTIVES IN –IS, -E Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) omnis omnēs omnia omne

ADJECTIVES IN –IS, -E Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) omnis omnēs omnia omne omnis omnium

ADJECTIVES IN –IS, -E Nominative M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) omnis omnēs omnia omne Genitive omnis omnium Dative omnī omnibus Accusative Ablative

ADJECTIVES IN –IS, -E Nominative M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) omnis omnēs omnia omne Genitive omnis omnium Dative omnī omnibus Accusative Ablative omnem omne omnēs omnia

ADJECTIVES IN –IS, -E Nominative M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) omnis omnēs omnia omne Genitive omnis omnium Dative omnī omnibus Accusative Ablative omnem omne omnī omnēs omnia omnibus

ADJECTIVES IN –X M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative ferōx M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) ferōcēs ferōcia

ADJECTIVES IN –X M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative ferōx ferōcis M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) ferōcēs ferōcia ferōcium

ADJECTIVES IN –X M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) Nominative ferōx M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) ferōcēs ferōcia Genitive ferōcis ferōcium Dative ferōcī ferōcibus Accusative Ablative

ADJECTIVES IN –X M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) Nominative ferōx M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) ferōcēs ferōcia Genitive ferōcis ferōcium Dative ferōcī ferōcibus Accusative Ablative ferōcem ferōx ferōcēs ferōcia

ADJECTIVES IN –X M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) Nominative ferōx M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) ferōcēs ferōcia Genitive ferōcis ferōcium Dative ferōcī ferōcibus Accusative Ablative ferōcem ferōx ferōcī ferōcēs ferōcia ferōcibus

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • facilem (easy), gracilibus (graceful), difficilia (difficult), mīlitāria (military), levēs (light), tālium (such), simplicī (simple), speciālī (special) • • Nunc cum amīcō ____ lūdō. Iuvenēs puellīs _____ multa dōna dant. Magister vult nōs verba _____ discere. (verbum, n. ) Servī armamenta _____ ad urbem portant. Fābulam ____ legere volumus. Fīliīs patrum ____ crēdere nōn possumus. Cūr quaestiōnī ____ respōnsum nōn dedistī Mīlitēs nostrī gladiōs _____ habent.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • facilem (easy), gracilibus (graceful), difficilia (difficult), mīlitāria (military), levēs (light), tālium (such), simplicī (simple), speciālī (special) • • Nunc cum amīcō __ speciālī/simplicī ___ lūdō. Iuvenēs puellīs ______ multa dōna dant. Magister vult nōs verba _____ discere. (verbum, n. ) Servī armamenta _______ ad urbem portant. Fābulam ______ legere volumus. Fīliīs patrum _____ crēdere nōn possumus. Cūr quaestiōnī _______ respōnsum nōn dedistī Mīlitēs nostrī gladiōs _______ habent.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • facilem (easy), gracilibus (graceful), difficilia (difficult), mīlitāria (military), levēs (light), tālium (such), simplicī (simple), speciālī (special) • • Nunc cum amīcō __ speciālī/simplicī ___ lūdō. Iuvenēs puellīs _ gracilibus _ multa dōna dant. Magister vult nōs verba _____ discere. (verbum, n. ) Servī armamenta _______ ad urbem portant. Fābulam ______ legere volumus. Fīliīs patrum _____ crēdere nōn possumus. Cūr quaestiōnī _______ respōnsum nōn dedistī Mīlitēs nostrī gladiōs _______ habent.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • facilem (easy), gracilibus (graceful), difficilia (difficult), mīlitāria (military), levēs (light), tālium (such), simplicī (simple), speciālī (special) • • Nunc cum amīcō __ speciālī/simplicī ___ lūdō. Iuvenēs puellīs _ gracilibus _ multa dōna dant. Magister vult nōs verba _difficilia_ discere. (verbum, n. ) Servī armamenta _______ ad urbem portant. Fābulam ______ legere volumus. Fīliīs patrum _____ crēdere nōn possumus. Cūr quaestiōnī _______ respōnsum nōn dedistī Mīlitēs nostrī gladiōs _______ habent.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • facilem (easy), gracilibus (graceful), difficilia (difficult), mīlitāria (military), levēs (light), tālium (such), simplicī (simple), speciālī (special) • • Nunc cum amīcō __ speciālī/simplicī ___ lūdō. Iuvenēs puellīs _ gracilibus _ multa dōna dant. Magister vult nōs verba _difficilia_ discere. (verbum, n. ) Servī armamenta _ mīlitāria __ ad urbem portant. Fābulam ______ legere volumus. Fīliīs patrum _____ crēdere nōn possumus. Cūr quaestiōnī _______ respōnsum nōn dedistī Mīlitēs nostrī gladiōs _______ habent.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • facilem (easy), gracilibus (graceful), difficilia (difficult), mīlitāria (military), levēs (light), tālium (such), simplicī (simple), speciālī (special) • • Nunc cum amīcō __ speciālī/simplicī ___ lūdō. Iuvenēs puellīs _ gracilibus _ multa dōna dant. Magister vult nōs verba _difficilia_ discere. (verbum, n. ) Servī armamenta _ gracilibus __ ad urbem portant. Fābulam __ facilem _ legere volumus. Fīliīs patrum _____ crēdere nōn possumus. Cūr quaestiōnī _______ respōnsum nōn dedistī Mīlitēs nostrī gladiōs _______ habent.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • facilem (easy), gracilibus (graceful), difficilia (difficult), mīlitāria (military), levēs (light), tālium (such), simplicī (simple), speciālī (special) • • Nunc cum amīcō __ speciālī/simplicī ___ lūdō. Iuvenēs puellīs _ gracilibus _ multa dōna dant. Magister vult nōs verba _difficilia_ discere. (verbum, n. ) Servī armamenta _ gracilibus __ ad urbem portant. Fābulam __ facilem _ legere volumus. Fīliīs patrum _ tālium _ crēdere nōn possumus. Cūr quaestiōnī _______ respōnsum nōn dedistī Mīlitēs nostrī gladiōs _______ habent.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • facilem (easy), gracilibus (graceful), difficilia (difficult), mīlitāria (military), levēs (light), tālium (such), simplicī (simple), speciālī (special) • • Nunc cum amīcō __ speciālī/simplicī ___ lūdō. Iuvenēs puellīs _ gracilibus _ multa dōna dant. Magister vult nōs verba _difficilia_ discere. (verbum, n. ) Servī armamenta _ gracilibus __ ad urbem portant. Fābulam __ facilem _ legere volumus. Fīliīs patrum _ tālium _ crēdere nōn possumus. Cūr quaestiōnī _ speciālī/simplicī _ respōnsum nōn dedistī Mīlitēs nostrī gladiōs _______ habent.

Now choose an adjective from the list to go in each of the blanks in the sentences • facilem (easy), gracilibus (graceful), difficilia (difficult), mīlitāria (military), levēs (light), tālium (such), simplicī (simple), speciālī (special) • • Nunc cum amīcō __ speciālī/simplicī ___ lūdō. Iuvenēs puellīs _ gracilibus _ multa dōna dant. Magister vult nōs verba _difficilia_ discere. (verbum, n. ) Servī armamenta _ gracilibus __ ad urbem portant. Fābulam __ facilem _ legere volumus. Fīliīs patrum _ tālium _ crēdere nōn possumus. Cūr quaestiōnī _ speciālī/simplicī _ respōnsum nōn dedistī Mīlitēs nostrī gladiōs _ levēs _ habent.

3 rd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN –ER, (E)RIS, -E Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Masc S Fem S Neut S M & F Pl Neut Pl celeris celere celerēs celeria

3 rd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN –ER, (E)RIS, -E Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Masc S Fem S Neut S M & F Pl Neut Pl celeris celere celerēs celeria celeris celerium

3 rd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN –ER, (E)RIS, -E Nominative Masc S Fem S Neut S M & F Pl Neut Pl celeris celere celerēs celeria Genitive celeris celerium Dative celerī celeribus Accusative Ablative

3 rd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN –ER, (E)RIS, -E Nominative Masc S Fem S Neut S M & F Pl Neut Pl celeris celere celerēs celeria Genitive celeris celerium Dative celerī celeribus Accusative Ablative celerem celere celerēs celeria

3 rd DECLENSION ADJECTIVES IN –ER, (E)RIS, -E Nominative Masc S Fem S Neut S M & F Pl Neut Pl celeris celere celerēs celeria Genitive celeris celerium Dative celerī celeribus Accusative Ablative celerem celerī celere celerēs celeria celeribus

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES • Although most 3 rd declension adjectives have –ī in the ablative singular, –ium in the genitive plural and –ia in the neuter plural, there are some exceptions: – The single-termination adjectives pauper, pauperis and vetus, veteris usually had ablative in –e, genitive plural in –um and neuter plural in –a – Comparative adjectives (e. g. laetior, laetius) also used these non-ī endings. – Present participles (for which there is a separate Power. Point – INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES) had –ium and -ia in the plural but in the singular used –e for the ablative when the participle referred to a temporary action (and was thus felt to be more verbal) and –ī for lasting state (more adjectival) • There is also inconsistency between different ancient authors (even the Romans themselves found 3 rd terminations a bit confusing) and, of course, between different modern books on Latin grammar!

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES • The comparative (expressed in English with –er or more) is formed by adding the endings –ior (m/f) and –ius (neuter) to a stem formed by removing the ending (ī, ae or is) from the genitive singular: – laetus (genitive: laetī or laetae ) > laetior, laetius – fēlīx (genitive: fēlīcis) > fēlīcior, fēlīcius • The superlative (English –est or most) is usually formed by adding the suffix –issimus/-a/-um to the same stem: – laetus (genitive: laetī or laetae ) > laetissimus – fēlīx (genitive: fēlīcis) > fēlīcissimus • Adjectives in –er, -(e)ra, -(e)rum add `-rumus/a/um to the masculine nominative singular for the superlative: – pulcher > pulchrior > pulcherrimus – miser > miserior > miserrimus

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (II) • Six adjectives ending in –ilis use the irregular ending –illimus/-a/-um in the superlative: – – – • facilis (easy)> facilior, facilius > facillimus difficilis (difficult)> difficilior, difficilius > difficillimus similis (similiar)> similior, similius > simillimus dissimilis (dissimilar)> dissimilior, dissimilior > dissimillimus gracilis (graceful)> gracilior, gracilius > gracillimus humilis (low, humble)> humilior, humilius > humillimus A few adjectives are completely irregular (as in English): – – – magnus (large)> maior, maius > maximus parvus (small)> minor, minus > minimus bonus (good)> melior, melius, optimus malus (bad)> peior, peius > pessimus multus (much)> plūs* > plūrimus *N. B. plūs is declined like an ordinary comparative in the plural (see following slides) but in the singular is an indeclinable noun and used with the genitive: • plūs aquae (more water) • plūs vīnī (more wine)

LAETIOR (happier) Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) laetior laetiōrēs laetiōra laetius

LAETIOR (happier) Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) laetior laetiōrēs laetiōra laetius laetiōris laetiōrum

LAETIOR (happier) Nominative M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) laetior laetiōrēs laetiōra laetius Genitive laetiōris laetiōrum Dative laetiōrī laetiōribus Accusative Ablative

LAETIOR (happier) Nominative M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) laetior laetiōrēs laetiōra laetius Genitive laetiōris laetiōrum Dative laetiōrī laetiōribus Accusative Ablative laetiōrem laetius laetiōrēs laetiōra

LAETIOR (happier) Nominative M & F (Sing) Neut (Sing) M & F (Plr) Neut (Plr) laetior laetiōrēs laetiōra laetius Genitive laetiōris laetiōrum Dative laetiōrī laetiōribus Accusative Ablative laetiōrem laetius laetiōre laetiōrēs laetiōra laetiōribus