Late Qing Crisis HI 168 Lecture 4 Dr

Late Qing Crisis HI 168: Lecture 4 Dr. Howard Chiang

Empress Dowager Cixi

Zongli Yamen

The Changing Context • • • 1861: Zongli Yamen 1864: international law 1873: foreign audience no kowtow 1876: diplomatic missions Universal empire (天下) to nation-state (國 家) • Western perception – Mutiny of 1857 in India -> British policy in China changed to moderation (gradual decline)

Sino-French War (1884 -85)

Tributary Retraction Losing Vietnam: Sino-French War (1884 -1885) - realists (Li Hongzhang) vs. pro-war faction - afterward: final phase of the “self-strengthening movement” (1885 -1895) Losing Korea (Origins): Li-Ito Convention (1884) - after Japan annexed Okinawa in 1879 - Each country promised to notify the other if it was planning to send forces in the future Losing Taiwan: First Sino-Japanese War (1894 -1895) - July 23, 1894, Japanese captured Seoul

Ito Hirobumi Li Hongzhang

Sino-Japanese War (1894 -95)

Treaty of Shimonoseki • April 17, 1895: China recognizes independence of Korea • China cedes to Japan Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula - Triple Intervention (Russia, Germany, and France) • 200 -300 million taels indemnity • China is to grant Japan (replacing Britain) the most-favored-nation treatment

“Carving up the Chinese Mellon” Russian Interest: Russia monopolized special status in Beijing until the Treaty of Tianjin in 1860 – insisted that the Qing ceded a million square km of lands east and north of the Amur River to Russia (Maritime Province) Chinese Eastern Railway: cuts through Manchuria

“Carving up the Chinese Mellon” Germany: 99 yrs Qingdao & Jiaozhou Port (Mar 1898) Russia: 25 yrs Port Arthur & Dalian (Mar 1898) Russia: South Manchuria Railway Britain: 25 yrs Port of Weihai (Mar 1898) Britain: 99 yrs New Territories of Hong Kong (June 1898) France: 99 yrs Guangzhou Bay (Apr 1898)

Partitioning of China - Queen Victoria - William II (Germany) - Nicholas II (Russia) - French Marianne - Meiji Emperor

1890 s • Growing acceptance of Western knowledge and values • Socio-economic transformations came with treaty settlements – increasing social mobilization eroding traditional attitudes • Reformist writings - the Western ideal of political participation - the need for change in the central political institutions of China & prize the West as the source not only of instrumental/secondary but also of essential and central values

Kang Youwei The Book of Great Unity - philosophical canon was a forgery - culturalism to nationalism

Liang Qichao - ‘grouping’ - democracy - newspapers - modern intelligentsia

Guangxu Emperor Hundred Days Reform: June 11 -Sept 21, 1898

Yuan Shikai

The Boxer Catastrophe Context: late 19 th-c. resentment at foreign presence - gentry & local officials concerned with the rivalry of Christian missionaries - China’s economic downtown - the availability of foreign goods, the establishment of Western businesses and railways, and the circulation of foreign currency - heavy taxes levied Context: domestic natural disasters - Yellow River flooded 400 villages in Shandong - severe draught in north China - popular superstitions blamed foreign presence

The Boxer Catastrophe The Boxer movement: - a social explosion that emerged from a culture of poverty in north China - name taken from the martial arts “Boxing” - constituents: young farmers, laborers, unemployed drifters, and other socially marginalized individuals - 3 main targets: foreigners, Chinese Christian converts, & others involved in foreign economic enterprises - 1899 -1900 spread to Zhili, Henan, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia and Manchuria - lacked central leadership (unlike Taiping rebellion) - The Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers!!

Eight-Nation Force

Eight-Nation Force

The Boxer Protocol (Sept. 1901) - Execution and punishment of officials who had participated in the war - Suspended the civil service examinations for 5 years in 45 cities - Demanded over 2 dozen forts to be demolished - Expanded legation headquarters - 2 -year prohibition on China’s importation of arms - Most disastrous: 450 million taels indemnity (the Qing government’s annual revenue is 88 -89 million taels)