Last ice age 60 000 10 000 years

Last ice age 60 000 -10 000 years Restoration Attempt for a Threatened Native Deer Species (Dama dama) in Antalya / Turkey ANTALYA Rhodos

Termessos National Park Düzlercamı Game Reserve 2003 521 Ha

Mountain goats in Termessos National Park

1974

The IUCN Red List For Thereaten Species Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CETARTIODACTYLA CERVIDAE Scientific Name: Dama dama Species Authority: (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Name/s: Fallow Deer, FALLOW DEER, Mesopotamian Fallow Deer, Persian Fallow Taxonomic Notes: Feldhamer et al. (1988) and Geist (1998) included Dama mesopotamica in this species, though it was regarded as a separate species from D. dama by Haltenorth (1959), Ferguson et al. (1985), Uerpmann (1987), and Harrison and Bates (1991). We follow Pitra et al. (2004) in treating D. mesopotamica as a separate species, based on a major study on the evolution and phylogeny of old world deer. Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3. 1 Year Assessed: 2008 Assessor/s: Masseti, M. & Mertzanidou, D. Reviewer/s: Black, P. A. & Gonzalez, S. (Deer Red List Authority) Justification: As a result of introductions by the Phoenicians, Romans, and Normans, it is a widespread and abundant species in Europe, hence is listed as Least Concern. However, In its Turkish native range this species is under serious threat.

This is a western Palaearctic species. Its original range is uncle but current knowledge suggests that Turkey and southern Europe (southern Italy, Sicily and the southern Balkan were the post-glacial refuges of the species The species was introduced to the western Mediterranean by the Phoenicians, and to central and northern Europe by the Romans and Normans. However, most of the currently existing population in Europe result from much more recent introductions This is a highly adaptable species that can survive in forest, shrubland, grassland, pastureland plantations.

In its native range, Turkey, this original native species is genetically distinct from D. dama occurring elsewhere and has suffered severe declines and has disappeared most of its former distribution This autochthonous population is restricted to Termessos National Park and Duzlercamı in Antalya / Turkey. The population of Dama dama has not been subjected to any systematic research on population size In Turkey, Fallow deer is at risk from inbreeding, hunting. habitat conversion for agriculture poaching İnterbreeding urbanization mulnutrition

The breeding programme began 1966 in Düzlercamı with 7 animals and the numbers continuously increased up to 500 individuals in 1980 s, The population then collapsed until the year 2000 and did not recover agin. Asidosis Aged understory vegetation in old game reserve area

66 Falow deer moving to their new reserve area

2011 Total number of deer within the reserve: 112 In wild: app. 100 2003 521 ha Capacity: 50 deer Fallow deer grazing in new game reserve (100 ha/ 10 deer) New game reserve

FIRE; NEITHER DESTROYS NOR DEVELOPS IT ONLY CHANGES Fire frequencies; 9 -25 years UNDERSTANDING; ECOCENTRIC APPROACH MANAGEMENT; ANTROPHOCENTRIC APPROACH

fire is an integral component in the function and biodiversity of many natural habitats, Restoration ecology is the name given to an attempt to reverse or mitigate some of the changes that humans have caused to an ecosystem. Prescribed burning is one tool that is currently receiving considerable attention as a means of restoration and management. Applying fire to an ecosystem may create habitats for species that have been negatively impacted by fire suppression, or fire may be used as a way of controlling invasive species without resorting to herbicides or pesticides. Frequent low intensity fires; rejuvenate the habitat, improve nutritive forage for fallow deercontrol the populations of problem creating agents such as; fungies, bacterias, thick, louse, etc Fire suppression; results in infrequent, large, hot fires which are not for the favor of fallow deer. The lack of fire; results in older, less nutritious plants or sprouts and uncontrolled populations of Problem creating agents for fallow deer.

Sea turtele (Caretta caretta) Endangered? Shearing beaches with sea turteles Fallow deer buck Sharing ranges with fallow deers! Why not?

Yellowstone fires 1988 • 250 different fires started between june and August • 7 were responsible for 95% of the total burned area • Kuraklık ve rüzgar etkisiyle birkaç ay sürdü • Total area burnted: 321 300 ha • 25 000 people involved • Supresstion cost 120 million USD • 345 elk (of an estimated 40, 000– 50, 000 = 1%) and • 36 mule deer, 12 moose, 6 black bears, and 9 bison had perished. • 100 dead fish were reported in two streams

1988 1998 2012