LaserDriven HD Target at MITBates Rp EX Ben

Laser-Driven H/D Target at MIT-Bates Rp. EX Ben Clasie Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ben Clasie, Chris Crawford, Dipangkar Dutta, Haiyan Gao, Jason Seely Massachusetts Institute of Technology Workshop on “Testing QCD through Spin Observables in Nuclear Targets” University of Virginia 2002

Introduction • The Laser-Driven Target (LDT) is a source of nuclear spin polarized hydrogen or deuterium atoms • The H or D nuclei are polarized through collisions with polarized, intermediate alkali-metal atoms • The LDT is similar to the atomic beam source as both targets are a source of nuclear spin polarized H or D atoms Atomic Beam Source (H) Well established technology ~1014 atoms/cm 2 thickness ~84% degree of dissociation ~80% polarization • Laser-Driven Target (goal, H) Compact design ~ 1015 atoms/cm 2 thickness ~ 60% degree of 18 The LDT flow rate (greater than 10 atoms/s) is approximately 25 times larger dissociation than the atomic beam source and has the potential of a higher figure-of-merit ~ 50% polarization

• The LDT is being developed for the South Hall Ring at the MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator Center; an ABS target is currently being installed • The LDT is planned to be used in the conditionally approved “Precision measurement of the Proton charge Radius” EXperiment (Rp. EX) • Rp. EX will measure the proton charge radius with sub 1% precision – a factor of three smaller than any single existing measurement • Several groups have demonstrated the feasibility of the laser-driven technique: 1. The Argonne group reported results of high atomic H/D polarization for flow rates in excess of 1018 atoms/s (Poelker 1995) 2. Nuclear polarization in a LDT was established by the Erlangen group (Stenger 1997) and the Argonne group (Fedchak 1998) 3. A laser-driven target that operated with flow rates above 1018 atoms/s was used in two proton scattering experiments at the IUCF Cooler Ring, 1998 4. The Erlangen group is developing a laser driven source to be installed at COSY

Optical pumping Potassium fine structure (dashed lines) and Zeeman splitting (solid lines) of the electron energy levels Pumping + Radiative decays • Optical pumping is the process by which the angular momentum of the photon is transferred to the alkali-metal atom • Optical pumping of potassium vapor in a high magnetic field (1 k. G) produces high potassium electron polarization at high vapor densities (n. K ~ 7 x 1011 atoms/cm 3)

Spin temperature equilibrium (STE) • • Atomic potassium polarization is transferred to the H/D nuclei through spin-exchange collisions, without RF transitions KH spin exchange, spin is transferred to the hydrogen electron • HH spin exchange, spin is transferred to the hydrogen nucleus through the hyperfine interaction • In STE, the polarization of the hydrogen nucleus equals the electron polarization • The nuclear polarization of deuterium is slightly larger than that of the electron in STE

LDT description

• The Pyrex spin cell and aluminum storage cell are typically heated to 200 o. C and are coated with drifilm to reduce recombination/depolarization • There are two holes in the storage cell at 90 o to the transport tube for measuring the polarization along the target length, with no direct path to the spin cell • To reduce the number of wall collisions, the spin cell is spherical • The potassium ampoule is slowly heatedintroducing vapor into the spin cell, which is polarized through optical pumping • Atomic H/D from the dissociator is polarized through spin-exchange collisions with the potassium, and flows into the storage cell • The dwell time for the hydrogen in the spin cell must be sufficient for spin temperature equilibrium

Pump laser and probe laser • The Ti-Sapphire laser, typically 2. 3 W with 0. 8 GHz linewidth, is tuned to 770. 1 nm • An electro-optic modulator is planned • The pump beam is formed by expanding and circularly polarizing the laser • A small fraction of the Ti-Sapphire laser is used to make the probe beam • The Faraday rotation of the probe beam gives the potassium density and polarization rise time (Stenger 1997) Gas flow • The gas supply is research purity ( 1 ppm) bottled H(D) • H 2 or D 2 pass through an MKS mass flow control, a pneumatic valve, and into the dissociator H/D electron polarimeter • In the first stage a 1 Tesla permanent sextupole magnet focuses one spin state and defocuses the other • The focused spin state is chopped at 20 Hz and detected with a cross beam Quadrupole Mass Analyzer (QMA) • A bellows and gimble mount connects the polarimeter to the target chamber for alignment • The H/D electron polarization has been calculated to be in spin temperature equilibrium

Experimental results The two holes in the target cell can be studied individually by changing the angle of the polarimeter • Large background due to the target chamber pressure • Uncorrected degree of dissociation =

• A dissociator was made, without a spincell, and the degree of dissociation then measured directly at the dissociator (Blue) • The complete glassware using similar dissociator dimensions was then made and the degree of dissociation measured at the target cell (Red) • Dissociator aperture diameter = 1 mm

• The spin cell is heated to prevent potassium from condensing on the walls with a small increase in recombination

+ - Figure Of Merit (FOM) = flow rate (degree dissociation polarization)2 • The Ti-Sapphire laser is tuned to the two potassium resonances • Hydrogen flow rate = 1. 5 sccm • Laser shutter closed Laser shutter open • Atomic polarization= unpolarized 36% polarization

Conclusions • The LDT has produced high atomic polarized H and D atoms at flow rates exceeding 1018 atom/s, which have been calculated to be in spin temperature equilibrium • The design goal for LDT is a flow rate of 2 x 1018 atoms/s with 60% degree of dissociation and 50% polarization • Further improvements are expected with the use of an electro-optic modulator and optimization of the operating parameters of the new spincell

References • M. Poelker et al. , Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A 364, 58 (1995). • J. A. Fedchak et al. , Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A 417, 182 (1998). • J. Stenger et al. , Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4177 (1997). • J. Stenger et al. , Nucl. Instr. And Meth. A 384, 333 (1997).