Laser Development Glass at SCHOTT December 10 2007

Laser. Development Glass at SCHOTT – December 10, 2007 Laser Glass at SCHOTT – 2011 Laser glass development at SCHOTT JSH/RDD December 10, 2007 - 1

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 Laser glass production research and development at SCHOTT • SCHOTT has produced laser glass in Pennsylvania since about 1980 • SCHOTT’s Duryea site has complete responsibility for laser glass research and development, manufacturing, and customer support for the SCHOTT Group worldwide • Two developments of critical importance to the glass solid state laser community: • Development of platinum particle free melting • Development of continuous melting of phosphate laser glass • Recent developments include: • High repetition-rate laser glass: APG-1/APG-2 (>10 Hz). • New broad-band phosphate and silicate laser glasses and higherpower repetition-rated phosphate glasses currently under development

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 Laser glass historical perspective - keeping pace with the needs of fusion research • SCHOTT production began with silicate glass for Shiva in 1977 • Production since 1983 has been dominated glasses based by on phosphorous • The spatial scale of our products has also increased over time

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 Development of continuous melting of phosphate laser glass • The latest generation of high energy laser systems for ICF research (NIF, LMJ) demanded an unprecedented volume of laser glass to be produced over a limited manufacturing period while still meeting ambitious targets of internal quality and overall cost Artist Rendition of National Ignition Facility (NIF) Laser

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 Traditional laser glass was produced in a two step process that includes remelting in a platinum crucible • Starting materials would react with and alloy the platinum pot • However, refractory materials such as Si. O 2 are also dissolved into the batch, leading to inhomogeneity in the glass • Remelting of “cullet” glass in platinum avoids the alloying problem and makes high homogeneity glass possible • Remelting cullet glass still allows the inclusion of Pt particles

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 Elimination of platinum inclusions increases laser damage threshold by 10 X • In the absence of Pt inclusions, the damage threshold of laser glass optical components is now limited by the quality of the surface polish

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 Damage grows with successive shots above the damage threshold • Redeposited platinum vapor of spatial size >0. 3 m can damage on the next shot • Below 0. 3 m, the heat is conducted into the glass • Laser glass parts became unusable after only a few high power shots

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 The key to solving the Pt particle problem was to dissolve the particles into the glass structure as ionic Pt 4+ • Platinum particles appear to be created at the start of the melt cycle • Dissolution is limited by diffusion of platinum away from the particle surface • Care must be taken to avoid the late arrival of Pt particles into the melt from condensed vapors

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 To meet schedule and cost targets NIF and LMJ required both a new glass and a new manufacturing process • The NIF laser alone required 3000 slabs (150 metric ton) over 3 years with the following specifications: • Index uniformity to <± 0. 000001 • Free of inclusions and bubbles larger than 100 um • Residual hydroxyl content <100 ppmw • Platinum particle free • Free of all detectable striae • Low 1054 nm absorption of <. 19% per cm thickness Beamlet eighteen liter rare earth doped phosphate glass amplifier slab

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 Meeting the laser glass requirements in terms of cost, quality, and rate of delivery for NIF demanded the development of an advanced manufacturing technology 1. Raw Batching Material To Scrubber Exhaust 5. Homogenizer Process Control Lab Samples Continuous Monitoring All Properties 4. Refiner 2. Melter 3. Conditioner Melt and Form 8. Cut / Inspect 6. Forming 7. Annealing Lehr • Continuous melting runs 24 hours a day / 7 days per week • 100% Inspection, interferometry and laser damage testing

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 SCHOTT conceived, designed, and demonstrated the full scale continuous production line from 1994 to 1999 • Over 1400 laser slabs were first produced by the new continuous melting process in 2001 • All technical specifications and targets for the NIF were surpassed • 26% of slabs were essentially perfect, far exceeding overall specifications for residual water, platinum particles and homogeneity • Laser glass deliveries for the NIF and LMJ were completed in March 2004

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 Current laser glass research and development at SCHOTT • Ongoing $2. 8 M Production contract for discontinuous melting laser slabs and rods. • Awarded $2. 5 M for development of next-generation silicate and phosphate laser glasses are under development Glass Type Nd: Silicate vs. LG-680 Nd: Phosphate vs. APG-1 Yb: Phosphate vs. Yb: APG-1 Key Progress FOMTM Bandwidth Aug. , 09 TBD TBD TBD Feb. , 10 -2% +6 nm -55% +4 nm -5% +5 nm Sept. , 10 +1 / + 164% +11 / +6 nm +30% +7 nm +30% +12 nm

Laser Glass Development at SCHOTT – 2011 Process Development – Summary • SCHOTT has been a major supplier of laser glass since 1980 • SCHOTT has also been active in the development of new manufacturing technology extending the operation range and lowering the cost of our products • This activity has created at SCHOTT further understanding on glass and supported the application of our other products into the marketplace • The two most critical developments in the last 20 years have been the availability of platinum particle free laser glasses and the continuous melting of phosphate laser glass • Our efforts in laser glass are industry recognized and promote our reputation as the lead supplier of optical materials for laser applications