Language of Anatomy Language of Anatomy What is

Language of Anatomy

Language of Anatomy What is this fin called?

Language of Anatomy Why is the back of your hand called the dorsal surface?

Language of Anatomy To understand each other, anatomists use common terms.

Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points. It is defined as a person: § STANDING STRAIGHT

Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points. It is defined as a person: § STANDING STRAIGHT § FACING FOREWARD

Anatomical Position This defines all anatomical reference points. It is defined as a person: § STANDING STRAIGHT § FACING FOREWARD § PALMS OUT OR FACING FORWARD

Anatomical Position

Anatomical Position This defines a persons: q. Front and back also known as q. Ventral and dorsal q. Anterior and posterior

Anatomical Position This defines a persons: q Left versus Right

Anatomical Position This defines a persons: q Top and Bottom also known as q superior (cranial) and inferior q cephalad and caudad

Directional Terms Medial- towards the midline

Directional Terms Medial- towards the midline Lateral- away from the midline

Directional Terms Medial- towards the midline Lateral- away from the midline Intermediate-between

Table 1. 1 Orientation and Directional Terms (2 of 3) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Directional Terms Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body

Directional Terms Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body Distal- further from the trunk of the body

Directional Terms Superficial-Towards the surface

Directional Terms Superficial-Towards the surface Deep- towards the center of the body

Table 1. 1 Orientation and Directional Terms (3 of 3) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Body Planes &Sections Most anatomical studies, especially those involved with radiographic studies, MRI’s and CAT scans, use specific planes to study an area of the body.

Body Planes &Sections Sagittal plane-is a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves.

Figure 1. 8 c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (c) Median section (midsagittal) Intestines Rectum Vertebral column Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Median (midsagittal) plane

Body Planes &Sections Frontal planes-are vertical cuts that divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Figure 1. 8 a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (a) Frontal section (through torso) Left and right lungs Frontal plane Liver Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Spleen Heart Stomach Arm

Body Planes &Sections Transverse Planes- cut the body into inferior and superior sections

Figure 1. 8 b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. (b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view) Liver Aorta Spinal cord Subcutaneous fat layer Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pancreas Spleen Body wall Transverse plane

Body Planes &Sections Oblique Planes- are diagonal cuts between the horizontal and vertical planes.

Body Cavities The body is divided up into two major body cavities. These are the: q. Dorsal body cavity

Body Cavities The body is divided up into two major body cavities. These are the: q. Dorsal body cavity and q. Ventral body cavity

Body Cavities The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system. It contains 2 subdivisions: • The cranial cavity which encases the brain

Body Cavities The dorsal body cavity protects the nervous system. It contains 2 subdivisions: • The cranial cavity which encases the brain • The vertebral or spinal cavity which encloses the spinal column

Figure 1. 9 a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity (contains brain) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Lateral view Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Body Cavities The ventral body cavity is more anterior and is the largest cavity, it contains the internal organs known as the VISCERA.

Body Cavities The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions: • The thoracic cavity

Body Cavities The ventral body cavity has two subdivisions: • The thoracic cavity and the • Abdominopelvic cavity

Figure 1. 9 a Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Cranial cavity (contains brain) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Dorsal body cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Lateral view Diaphragm Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)

Membranes of the Body Cavities The walls of the ventral body cavities and outer surfaces of the organs are covered by a thin, double layered membrane called the Serosa.

Membranes of the Body Cavities The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts: q Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls

Membranes of the Body Cavities The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts: q Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls q Visceral serosa covers the organs

Membranes of the Body Cavities The serosa or serous membranes are divided into 2 parts: q Parietal serosa covers the cavity walls q Visceral serosa covers the organs

Membranes of the Body Cavities Together they form a potential space which has a small amount of lubricating fluid called Serous fluid.

Language of Anatomy

Language of Anatomy

Language of Anatomy

Peritonitis Inflammation of the serous membrane, usually due to infection or trauma.

Peritonitis Inflammation of the serous membrane, usually due to infection or trauma. Leads to the organs adhering to each other, restricting movement. VERY PAINFUL

Pericarditis Inflammation of the serous membrane around the heart.

Anatomical Regions and Quadrants The Abdominopelvic Region is large and has many organ systems. It is divided up into smaller quadrants for study.

Figure 1. 11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 1. 12 The nine abdominopelvic regions. Right Left Epigastric hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac Hypogastric (inguinal) (pubic) region Left lumbar region Left iliac (inguinal) region (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Liver Diaphragm Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Appendix Initial part of sigmoid colon Urinary bladder (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs