Language Misleading and Evasive Tactics Framing Effects Definition

Framing Effects: Definition A framing effect occurs when different, but logically equivalent, words or

Framing Effects: Consequences Redescribing your options sometimes changes your choice. In short, peoples’ preferences

Framing Effects: and EV IDE NC E EV AL UA TE FAC TS Process

Framing Effects: When framed as lives SAVED… § § Why a difference? people are

Framing Effects: Applications Self-esteem You earned a B when your friends got a C

Framing Effects: Applications Morals § § Trolley versus Footbridge Other variations Can you come

Framing Effects: Applications Emotions § § Good – Emotions serve as critical rules of

Framing Effects: Applications Economy § Imagine you are trying to sell a product. Are

Framing Effects: What can we do about it? Bad news - Even people with

Extra-credit Opportunity Watch any news program that has “pundits” from both sides of the

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Language: Misleading and Evasive Tactics

Framing Effects: Definition A framing effect occurs when different, but logically equivalent, words or phrases cause individuals to alter their preference Which sounds more appealing? § § glass that is "half-full“ glass that is "half-empty”

Framing Effects: Consequences Redescribing your options sometimes changes your choice. In short, peoples’ preferences shift due to arbitrary changes in wording.

Framing Effects: and EV IDE NC E EV AL UA TE FAC TS Process LO GI CA Co nc lus ion Critical Thinking LI NF ER EN CE S

Framing Effects: When framed as lives SAVED… § § Why a difference? people are risk averse so opt for sure savings of 200 lives When framed as lives LOST… § § people are risk seeking so opt to take chance at saving everyone

Framing Effects: Applications Self-esteem You earned a B when your friends got a C § You earned a B when you friends got an A Health The Invisible Killer Memory § §

Framing Effects: Applications Morals § § Trolley versus Footbridge Other variations Can you come up with a hypothesis? How to test hypothesis?

Framing Effects: Applications Emotions § § Good – Emotions serve as critical rules of thumb when information is incomplete or too complex Bad – Emotions can render decisions irrational, or can interfere with decision-making processes

Framing Effects: Applications Economy § Imagine you are trying to sell a product. Are you better off presenting the customer with a bill that says $96, delivery included; or a price that says Groceries $88, Delivery $8? Politics § § Agenda setting - Framing issues shapes the way the public understands the causes of and the solutions to political events How would you frame it if…

Framing Effects: What can we do about it? Bad news - Even people with experience and expertise are not immune to framing effects Good news - Framing effects can be reduced through detailed processing, such as providing a rationale for your choices

Extra-credit Opportunity Watch any news program that has “pundits” from both sides of the political debate Then describe: (1) (2) (3) (4) What is the issue? Which side of the issue is each pundit on? What language does each pundit use? How does that language favor their side?