Language Contact Contact Situations I Highlevel intensity Bilingualism

Language Contact • Contact Situations • I. High-level intensity > Bilingualism • II. Low-level intensity > Sufficient for lexical borrowing • III. Prestige • IV. Need (Borrowing accompanies introduction of new thing or concept)

Borrowing 1. Lexical, including calques 2. Phonological 3. Morphological

1. Lexical Borrowing • 11 th century Norman invasion • => Borrowing due to intense contact • Nearly 1/3 of frequently used English vocabulary borrowed from French

Prestige • • Native cow calf pig French Borrowing beef veal pork

Prestige => Formality • Native Japanese Sino-Japanese • kimi-tachi 諸君 sho-kun • ‘you-all’ ‘each-gentleman’ • suwaru • ‘sit’ 着席 chaku-seki ‘take-seat’

Need-based Borrowing • potato (Spanish > English) • coffee (Turkish > European languages) • 谷歌 (English > Mandarin) • guge • ‘Google’

Immediate/Ultimate Source • Ultimate Immediate • potato Taino (Haiti) > Spanish patata/batata • Ultimate Immediate • coffee Arabic > Turkish • qahwa kahveh

Calques: Loan Translations • railroad/railway • • • ‘iron road/way’ Finnish: rauta-tie ‘iron-road’ French: chemin de fer ‘road of iron’ German: Eisen-bahn ‘iron-path/road’ Spanish: ferro-carril ‘iron-lane/way’ Japanese: 鉄道 tetsudoo ‘iron way’ Mandarin: 鉄路 tielu ‘iron road’

2. Phonological Borrowing • English [ʒ] from French • rouge, prestige • => New sound introduced

New Phonemic Distinction • Japanese allophones of /t/ • /t/ > [ts] / [ɯ] ([tsɯkaɯ] ‘use’) • /t/ > [ʧ] / [i] ([ʧiːsai] ‘small’) • But /t/ > [t] / • [tiː] ‘tea’ • [paːtiː] ‘party’ [i] possible in loans.

3. Morphological Borrowing • Latin > French > English –able/-ible • equitable, potable, legible • Attach to native stems • => doable, singable, laughable, drinkable

Pidgins & Creoles • Contact of mutually unintelligible languages • Mixture of characteristics of both – Lexicon from socially dominant language (superstrate) – Phonology from nondominant language (substrate) • Creole – Nativized pidgin

Tok Pisin • Tok Pisin is a creole; an official language of Papua New Guinea. • • • English lexicon, Melanesian phonology [dok] ‘dog’ [fis] ‘fish’ [pen] ‘paint’ [penim] ‘paint something’

• Dispela marasin bilong klinim tis. • ‘This medicine is for cleaning teeth. ’ • • • pela < ‘fellow’ => suffix to create determiner or noun modifier bilong < ‘belong’ => purpose, possession -im < ‘him’ => object marker

– Papa bilong mipela – Yu stap long heven. – Nem bilong yu i mas i stap holi. – Our father, – who art in heaven, – hallowed be thy name.

Language Endangerment • Minority languages in multi-lingual societies lose speakers. • Moribund – Children cease to acquire the language. • Language death – Last native speakers die.

Factors • 1. Discrimination (e. g. legal prohibition) • 2. Limited domains of usage (e. g. home, immediate family) • 3. Educational, economic pressure – People leave the community for opportunity.

Endangered Languages • • • Many Native American languages Native Austronesian languages in Taiwan Native languages in North Africa Native languages in China Native languages in Russia

Colonial Languages in Taiwan 1662: Chinese colonization 1895: Japanese occupation ÞJapanese as the official language ÞJapanese as the language of public education 1945: Return of Chinese rule ÞMandarin replaces Japanese.