LANGUAGE Before is spelled before NOT B 4
LANGUAGE Before is spelled “b-e-f-o-r-e” NOT B 4. English is a language. Bingo is a game of chance played with randomly drawn numbers matched against numbers on preprinted 5 x 5 cards.
LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION • READING: SOME PEOPLE CAN & SOME PEOPLE CAN'T • ARITHMETIC: SOME PEOPLE CAN & SOME PEOPLE CAN'T • CHESS: SOME PEOPLE CAN & SOME PEOPLE CAN'T BUT JUST ABOUT EVERYONE CAN MASTER A COMPLEX LINGUISTIC SYSTEM! SOMETIMES MORE THAN ONE!
From a Limited Number of Sounds to an Infinite Number of Meaningful Sentences
Just A Few Words Can Carry Complex Meanings
The Effects of Context THE PROCEDURE IS ACTUALLY QUITE SIMPLE. FIRST, YOU ARRANGE THINGS INTO DIFFERENT GROUPS. OF COURSE, ONE PILE MAY BE SUFFICIENT DEPENDING ON HOW MUCH THERE IS TO DO. IF YOU HAVE TO GO SOMEWHERE ELSE DUE TO LACK OF FACILITIES, THAT IS THE NEXT STEP; OTHERWISE YOU ARE PRETTY WELL SET. IT IS IMPORTANT NOT TO OVERDO THINGS. THAT IS, IT IS BETTER TO DO TOO FEW THINGS AT ONCE THAN TOO MANY. IN THE SHORT RUN THIS MAY NOT SEEM IMPORTANT BUT COMPLICATIONS CAN EASILY ARISE. A MISTAKE CAN BE EXPENSIVE AS WELL. AT FIRST THE WHOLE PROCEDURE WILL SEEM COMPLICATED. SOON, HOWEVER, IT WILL BECOME JUST ANOTHER FACET OF LIFE. • How would the meaning change if you were talking about doing laundry? Or disposing of dead bodies?
ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE • BIRTH - ONE YEAR: INITIALLY CAPABLE OF EVERY POSSIBLE PHONEME, LATER FOCUSES ON ONES RELEVANT TO NATIVE LANGUAGE. • ONE -TWO YEARS: SPEECH BEGINS. INITIALLY SINGLE WORDS PROGRESSING TO TWO & THREE WORD SENTENCES TYPICAL VOCABULARY AT 1 1/2 YEARS 15 WORDS. OFTEN OVEREXTENDS CONCEPTS. • TWO-THREE YEARS: SENTENCES BECOME MORE GRAMMATICAL; HYPOTHESIS TESTING(? ) • FOUR YEARS: SOUNDS LIKE AN ADULT. • SIX YEARS: TYPICAL VOCABULARY 15, 000 WORDS; AVERAGE OF ALMOST 10 A DAY SINCE AGE 1 ½
ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE LEARNING PROCESSES • IMITATION THERE IS IMITATION BUT KIDS WILL COME UP WITH SENTENCES THAT THEY LIKELY NEVER HEARD AN ADULT SAY: "ALL GONE MILK!” • CONDITIONING MAY OCCUR BUT CORRECTION (AND HENCE, CONDITIONING) RARELY HELP KID: NOBODY DON'T LIKE ME. MOM: NO, SAY , "NOBODY LIKES ME. " KID: NOBODY DON'T LIKE ME. MOM: NO, NOW LISTEN CAREFULLY; SAY , "NOBODY LIKES ME. " KID: OH! NOBODY DON'T LIKES ME.
ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE OPERATING PRINCIPLES USED BY YOUNG CHILDREN 1. LOOK FOR SYSTEMATIC CHANGES IN THE FORM OF WORDS. 2. LOOK FOR GRAMMATICAL MARKERS THAT CLEARLY INDICATE CHANGES IN MEANING. 3. AVOID EXCEPTIONS. 4. PAY ATTENTION TO THE ENDS OF WORDS. 5. PAY ATTENTION TO THE ORDER OF WORDS, PREFIXES, AND SUFFIXES. 6. AVOID INTERRUPTION OR REARRANGEMENT OF CONSTITUENTS (I. E. , SENTENCE UNITS)
INNATE FACTORS • RICHNESS OF KNOWLEDGE / PREPAREDNESS KIDS IN EVERY CULTURE AROUND THE WORLD, EVEN DEAF KIDS GO THROUGH THE SAME STAGES OF LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AT THE SAME TIME. • CRITICAL PERIODS 1 ST YEAR OF LIFE IS ESSENTIAL FOR ACQUIRING THE PROPER SET OF PHONEMES IN NATIVE LANGUAGE. EARLY CHILDHOOD IS ESSENTIAL FOR ACQUIRING FACILITY IN A 2 ND LANGUAGE. EARLY CHILDHOOD IS ALSO ESSENTIAL FOR ACQUIRING SYNTAX (EX. DEAF KIDS & ASL).
OTHER SPECIES • EXPERT CONSENSUS IS NO FOR GORILLAS & COMMON CHIMPANZEES. A MAYBE FOR PYGMY CHIMPANZEES (BONOBOS). • CHOMSKY (1991): IF AN ANIMAL HAD A CAPACITY AS BIOLOGICALLY ADVANTAGEOUS AS LANGUAGE BUT SOMEHOW HADN'T USED IT UNTIL NOW, IT WOULD BE AN EVOLUTIONARY MIRACLE, LIKE FINDING AN ISLAND OF HUMANS WHO COULD BE TAUGHT TO FLY.
Excerpts From Ko. Ko the Gorilla’s On-line AOL Chat, on Earth Day, 4/27/1998 Halo. My. Baby: Is Koko aware that she's chatting with thousands of people now? Live. KOKO: Good here Dr. PPatrsn: Koko is aware. Halo. My. Baby: I'll start taking questions from the audience now, our first question is: MIny. Kitty asks Koko are you going to have a baby in the future? Live. KOKO: Pink Dr. PPatrsn: We've had earlier discussion about colors today Live. KOKO: Listen, Koko loves eat Halo. My. Baby: Me too!
Excerpts From Ko. Ko the Gorilla’s On-line AOL Chat, on Earth Day, 4/27/1998 Halo. My. Baby: SBM 87: ask What are the names of your kittens? (and dogs? ) Live. KOKO: foot Dr. PPatrsn: Foot isn't the name of your kitty Halo. My. Baby: Koko, what's the name of your cat? Live. KOKO: no Dr. PPatrsn: She just gave some vocalizations there. . . some soft puffing Halo. My. Baby: I heard that soft puffing! Dr. PPatrsn: Now shaking her head no. Question: Do you like to chat with other people? Halo. My. Baby: That was from Rulucky! Live. KOKO: fine nipple Dr. PPatrsn: Nipple rhymes with people, she doesn't sign people per se, she was trying to do a "sounds like. . . "
Excerpts From Ko. Ko the Gorilla’s On-line AOL Chat, on Earth Day, 4/27/1998 Halo. My. Baby: She makes up some of her own terms, like Lips for woman. Dr. PPatrsn: Right and foot for male. Halo. My. Baby: This is interesting, from the audience, not sure how you'd ask this: Koko, do you feel love from the humans who have raised you and cared for you? Ely 35150 asked that. We'll see what she says! Dr. PPatrsn: She's reading a birthday card. Live. KOKO: lips, apple give me Dr. PPatrsn: People give her favorite foods. Live. KOKO: love, browse drink nipple Dr. PPatrsn: Browse is like the little foods/snacks we give them. Live. KOKO: koko loves that nipple drink, go
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