LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS SYNTAGMATIC AND PARADIGMATIC RELATIONSHIPS UNIT

LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS SYNTAGMATIC AND PARADIGMATIC RELATIONSHIPS UNIT- V III BA ENGLISH

LANG. IS A SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS • ROBINS COMPARES THE STRUCTURE OF LANG. TO AN ORCHESTRA • EACH PERFORMS HIS FUNCTION • EACH ONE CONSTITUTES A SYSTEM • PARADIGMATIC IS THE WAY DIFFERENT WORDS OR LANGUAGE ITEMS CAN BE SELECTED TO MAKE A SPECIFIC PART • ELEMENTS ARE SELECTED AND COMBINED IN BUILDING UP THE STRUCTURE. • FOR EXAMPLE IF WE WISH TO BUILD UP A WORD SUCH AS TAKE WE WILL SELECT SOME SOUNDS – OUT OF SEVERAL SOUNDS POSSIBLE.

SYNTAGMATIC RELATIONSHIP • IS THE WAY THOSE SPECIFIC PARTS COMBINE TO MAKE LANGUAGE STRUCTURES • THE BOY WENT TO SCHOOL GIVES MEANING • TO SCHOOL THE BOY WENT OR WENT HOME THE GIRL IS WRONG • WHEN WE COMBINE ELEMENTS WE COMBINE THE CHOSEN ELEMENTS IN A PARTICULAR ORDER OR SEQUENCE. • HERE TWO THERE ARE CERTAIN RULES • WE CAN COMBINE /t/, /ei/, +/k/. BUT NOT IN THIS ORDER /ei/, +/t/+/k/

SUBSTANCE AND FORM • SOUNDS AND SYMBOLS SUCH AS LETTERS OF ALPHABET THAT REPRESENT SOUNDS IN WRITING ARE THE RAW MATERIAL OF A LANGUAGE • THEY ARE PHONIC AND GRAPHIC –THIS IS THE SUBSTANCE • TO GIVE MEANING FORM IS NECESSARY • WE GIVE PARTICULAR SHAPE OR ORDER –THEY BECOME MEANINGFUL

DIACHRONIC AND SYNCHRONIC APPROACHES • DIACHRONIC TRACES THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGES • CHRONOS STANDS FOR TIME • SYNCHRONIC SEES LANGUAGE AS A LIVING WHOLE, EXISTING AS A STATE AT ONE PARTICULAR TIME • SAUSSURE GIVES PRIORITY TO THE SYNCHRONIA APPROACH AND OBSERVES THAT THE TWO APPROACHES MUST BE KEPT SEPARATE • THESE TWO ARE COMPARED TO THE GAME OF CHESS BY SAUSSURE • CHESSBOARD IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING DURING THE GAME AS EACH PLAYER MAKES HIS MOVE