Landscapes Medicines and Healing Maurice M Iwu Executive

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Landscapes, Medicines and Healing Maurice M. Iwu Executive Director, BDCP Department of Parasitology, WRAIR

Landscapes, Medicines and Healing Maurice M. Iwu Executive Director, BDCP Department of Parasitology, WRAIR

To Heal is to Restore Order F Physical treatment with medicines and body manipulations

To Heal is to Restore Order F Physical treatment with medicines and body manipulations F Psychosomatic interventions as in mental illness F Spiritual interventions among the religious

Healing is a journey F From disorder to order F State of illness to

Healing is a journey F From disorder to order F State of illness to good health F Could be voluntary i. e. participatory F Or forced, i. e. by a benevolent leader or escort F In most cases the desired outcome is achieved F But not always …

Understanding the Nature of Things F What is the nature of the Human Person?

Understanding the Nature of Things F What is the nature of the Human Person? is Disease to an African Healer? is the meaning of Life in the African Cosmology ?

What is Man? A holistic being that is related to all that is terrestrial,

What is Man? A holistic being that is related to all that is terrestrial, extra-terrestrial and cosmogenic

Five Elements of the Self F The Physical: biological and the bioenergetic, bio -luminescent

Five Elements of the Self F The Physical: biological and the bioenergetic, bio -luminescent and biomagnetic body F The Inner Mind: rubbish bin of modern medicine F The Morale: seat of religious experiences F The Soul: our true self/ capable of multiple forms F The Spirit

Dimensions of Human Spirituality F F F Level - 1: ancestors Level - 2:

Dimensions of Human Spirituality F F F Level - 1: ancestors Level - 2: ethereal beings or life spirits that govern the world Level-3: morphic resonance or collective memory Level-4: a group of 256 well-known, well codified and well classified spirits – “Fa”, “Ifa” or “ofo”. Level-5: The Spirit

Sickness or Disease is defined as lack of balance between the different aspects of

Sickness or Disease is defined as lack of balance between the different aspects of self, the spiritual entities and the environment.

Healing Elements or Healing Tools The Spirit Entities F The Healer F The patient

Healing Elements or Healing Tools The Spirit Entities F The Healer F The patient F The Healing Objects: plants, minerals, animals etc. F

The African Healer’s World There are several realities of existence or worlds F There

The African Healer’s World There are several realities of existence or worlds F There is a spiritual component in all living things and existence is often a product of negotiated order between beings. F Certain events are preordained or determined at completely different sphere of existence far from where it becomes manifest. F There is no physical limitation to the power of the human spirit. F

Communal Healing or Group Therapy

Communal Healing or Group Therapy

NDEPP F Collective healing through ceremonies and cleansing rituals F Restores harmony between families,

NDEPP F Collective healing through ceremonies and cleansing rituals F Restores harmony between families, communities and societies F Example is the Ndeep at Yoff – Mame Ndiarre is the healing divinity. F African Millennium for Science and Technology

Landscape and Healing The importance of place and specificity of cultural context when investigating

Landscape and Healing The importance of place and specificity of cultural context when investigating health care beliefs and practices.

Therapeutic landscapes These are places, settings, situations, locales, and milieus that encompass both the

Therapeutic landscapes These are places, settings, situations, locales, and milieus that encompass both the physical and psychological environments associated with treatment or healing, and the maintenance of health and well-being.

Sacred Therapeutic Landscapes Places, settings, situations, locales, and milieus that provide platform for communion

Sacred Therapeutic Landscapes Places, settings, situations, locales, and milieus that provide platform for communion with the spirits and the sacred. Its sacrality derives from a recognition and acceptance of the landscape as spiritual meeting place between different entities involved in healing.

High Mountain Climatotherapy F reduced partial pressure of oxygen, F intensified sun radiation, F

High Mountain Climatotherapy F reduced partial pressure of oxygen, F intensified sun radiation, F low temperatures, and F lower water vapor content in the inhaled air – XXXXXXX F Apparently harmless to permanent inhabitants buy biotropic to temporary residents

Global Epidemiological Status of Malaria F Over 90 Countries / Territories Affected F Over

Global Epidemiological Status of Malaria F Over 90 Countries / Territories Affected F Over 2020 Million Persons at Risk (36% of World’s Population) F 1. 5 -2. 7 Million Deaths Per Year F 300 -500 Million Clinical Cases Per Year F Increase in the Prevalence and Severity of Multiple Drug Resistance

WHERE WE ARE TODAY: HUMAN LEISHMANIASIS F Endemic to 88 countries, 350 million at

WHERE WE ARE TODAY: HUMAN LEISHMANIASIS F Endemic to 88 countries, 350 million at risk, 12 million infected, annual incidence 2 -3 million F Pentavalent antimonial resistance widespread F Subclinical infections >30 years F Opportunistic infection with HIV. "No FDA approved drug exists " No chemoprophylaxis exists

Emerging Infectious Diseases Thirty (30) New Diseases Have Emerged in the Past 20 Years

Emerging Infectious Diseases Thirty (30) New Diseases Have Emerged in the Past 20 Years - WHO 1996 Globalization of Some Old Diseases Department of Parasitology, WRAIR

Global Intervention Efforts F Vaccine Development F Rational Drug Development: Single Chemical Entities F

Global Intervention Efforts F Vaccine Development F Rational Drug Development: Single Chemical Entities F Herbal Medicines: including phytomedicines F Nutritional Aides

Drug Development Choices F Phytomedicines – Quicker to market – Low safety problems F

Drug Development Choices F Phytomedicines – Quicker to market – Low safety problems F New Chemical Entities – Good acceptance – IND possibility – Industry support F Rational Design – New chemotypes – External support

ETHNOMEDICINE bringing ancient wisdom to life Department of Parasitology, WRAIR

ETHNOMEDICINE bringing ancient wisdom to life Department of Parasitology, WRAIR

Classification of Ethnomedicine F The personalistic systems where supernatural causes ascribed to angry deities,

Classification of Ethnomedicine F The personalistic systems where supernatural causes ascribed to angry deities, ghosts, ancestors and witches predominate, and F The naturalistic systems where illness is explained in impersonal, systemic terms.

BDCP - Herbal Product Plan WHAT? Whole herbs, standardized extracts phytomedicines, formulation STRATEGY HOW?

BDCP - Herbal Product Plan WHAT? Whole herbs, standardized extracts phytomedicines, formulation STRATEGY HOW? WHO? Establish local base/ Partnerships/ SBA Through a wholly owned subsidiary (AXXON Biopharm. )

Ethnomedical Team Physician Traditional Healer Ethnobotanist

Ethnomedical Team Physician Traditional Healer Ethnobotanist

Data - Collection Forms

Data - Collection Forms

New Realities of Global Economy F The Trans-National Nature of Capital, Industry and Labor

New Realities of Global Economy F The Trans-National Nature of Capital, Industry and Labor F Changing Waves of the Biotechnology Sector F Recognition of Exclusion (or Discrimination) and Not Exploitation as the New Threat on Equity and Sustainable Development

Garcinia kola Seeds F Respiratory tract infectious F Anti-inflammatory F Antiviral F Tonic

Garcinia kola Seeds F Respiratory tract infectious F Anti-inflammatory F Antiviral F Tonic

Electropherograms of Hangover tonic preparation and a standard containing Kolaflavanone, GB 1 and GB

Electropherograms of Hangover tonic preparation and a standard containing Kolaflavanone, GB 1 and GB 2 2 20 17. 5 15 m. AU 1. Kolaflavanone, R 1 = OCH 3, R 2 = H 2. GB 1, R 1 = OH, R 2 = H 4. GB 2, R 1 = R 2 = OH 12. 5 1 10 4 Hangover tonic 7. 5 5 2. 5 standard 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time (min) 12 14 16 18

Electropherograms of Hepa-Vital tea and a standard containing Kolaflavanone, GB 1 and GB 2

Electropherograms of Hepa-Vital tea and a standard containing Kolaflavanone, GB 1 and GB 2 20 15 m. AU 4 10 2 5 Hepa-Vital tea 0 standard 3 4 1 5 6 Time (min) 7 8 9

Aframomum danielli & related Spp. F Seeds and rhizome used as antifungal agents F

Aframomum danielli & related Spp. F Seeds and rhizome used as antifungal agents F Showed good activity against Leishmaniasis spp. F COE for Opportunistic fungal infections

Chasmanthera depedens

Chasmanthera depedens

Chasmanthera dependens F Leaves used as topical antifungal paste F Showed good activity against

Chasmanthera dependens F Leaves used as topical antifungal paste F Showed good activity against malaria & Leishmaniasis spp. F COE for opportunistic fungal infections F Lead compounds being developed

Cryptolepis sanguinoleta F Used for malaria treatment F Positive clinical outcome F In vitro

Cryptolepis sanguinoleta F Used for malaria treatment F Positive clinical outcome F In vitro and in vivo activity against Plasmodium spp F Cryptolepine isolated as most active compound

Enantia chlorantha F F Used for treatment of malaria & liver diseases Positive clinical

Enantia chlorantha F F Used for treatment of malaria & liver diseases Positive clinical outcome for both diseases Good in vitro activity against Plasmodium spp poor in vivo activity or inactive Palmatine and related protoberberines isolated as the active compound but

Dracaena mannii F F Very positive clinical outcome studies In vitro activity against Leishmaniasis

Dracaena mannii F F Very positive clinical outcome studies In vitro activity against Leishmaniasis spp. Activity against cutaneous Leishmaniasis Active substance problematic for rodent studies

THE BDCP APPROACH 1. Capacity building through the organization of traditional healers and enhancement

THE BDCP APPROACH 1. Capacity building through the organization of traditional healers and enhancement of their associations, establishment of ethnobotanical database of medicinal and aromatic plants. 2. Establishment of a sui generis system of compensation through the Fund for Integrated Rural Development and Traditional Medicine (FIRD-TM). 3. Advocacy for legislation on regulation and standardization of traditional medicine in Nigeria and other African countries. 4. Establishment of the International Centre for Ethnomedicine and Drug Development (Inter. CEDD), a full service research facility to enhance local capacity to conduct integrated research for drug development, and commercialization of potentially useful natural products.

Integration of Goals serv Economic Development Con atio n nt e m lop g

Integration of Goals serv Economic Development Con atio n nt e m lop g u r D ICBG e v e D

African ICBG (International Cooperative Biodiversity Group) Large integrated program with the core requirement to

African ICBG (International Cooperative Biodiversity Group) Large integrated program with the core requirement to identify new drug candidates from natural products. Funded by U. S. –NIH, NSF, USDA, USAID

WALTER REED ARMY INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH - AFRICA ICBG BUILT ON THE FOUNDATION OF

WALTER REED ARMY INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH - AFRICA ICBG BUILT ON THE FOUNDATION OF A SUCCESSFUL DRUG DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM A. B. C. D. Virtual Drug Company - Multidisciplinary Staff Rich in Tropical Diseases Expertise Not Profit Driven Interactive With W. H. O. , Academia, Industry

West and Central Africa ICBG Objectives 1 -Establish and maintain inventory of species used

West and Central Africa ICBG Objectives 1 -Establish and maintain inventory of species used in traditional medicine. 2 -Identify lead compounds for the treatment of human diseases. 3 -Establish and maintain study plots for long-term assessment of rainforest ecological dynamics. 4 -Conduct economic value assessment of major species in the host country and the study area. 5 -Train scientists and technicians from participating countries in various aspects of drug development, plant research and biodiversity conservation.

Project Background Department of Parasitology, WRAIR

Project Background Department of Parasitology, WRAIR

Korup Forest: access bridge Cameroon

Korup Forest: access bridge Cameroon

Field Camp: Korup Forest, Cameroon

Field Camp: Korup Forest, Cameroon

Collaborating Institutions Walter Reed Army Inst. of Research, Wash. D. C. u Pace University

Collaborating Institutions Walter Reed Army Inst. of Research, Wash. D. C. u Pace University u University of Pittsburgh u Southern Research Institute u University of Minnesota u University of Florida u Florida State University u University of Utah Smithsonian Institution, Wash. D. C. u u Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Man and the Biosphere Program Bioresources Development and Conservation Program (BDCP), Nigeria and Cameroon u University of Dschang, Cameroon u University of Buea, Cameroon u International Center for Ethnomedicine and Drug Development Nsukka Nigeria. u University of Jos, Nigeria u Biodiversity Support Program (c/o WWF) Active Investigators: 64

Drug Development Leads DISEASES Malaria Leishmania Cytotoxicity Viral Trypanosomiasis Trichomonas O. I. : Cryptosporidium

Drug Development Leads DISEASES Malaria Leishmania Cytotoxicity Viral Trypanosomiasis Trichomonas O. I. : Cryptosporidium Toxoplasmosis SAMPLES TESTED 500 130 20 30 27 25 22 22 LAB. WRAIR U of Utah SRI PACE NIAID ACTIVITY% 343 52 16 16 13 10 (69%) (40%) (80%)* (53%) (48%) (40%) 7 (31%) 6 (27%) Department of Parasitology, WRAIR LEADS 20 6 5 2 3 7 2 2

Acknowledgements F F F F Dr. Brian Schuster Prof. Elijah Sokomba Prof. Paul Akubue

Acknowledgements F F F F Dr. Brian Schuster Prof. Elijah Sokomba Prof. Paul Akubue Dr. Chris O. Okunji Prof. Francis Okwuasaba Prof. Louis Barrows Prof. Simon Efange Dr. Chioma Obijiofor Prof. Cyrus Bacchi F Dr. Chike Onyechere F Dr. Joan Jackson F Prof. Johnson Ayafor F Dr. Angela Duncan F Dr. David Skanchy F Dr. Claire Wirmum F

Thank You !!!

Thank You !!!

Bioresources Development and Conservation Programme (BDCP) Phone: Nigeria: (234)-42 -253905 U. S. A. :

Bioresources Development and Conservation Programme (BDCP) Phone: Nigeria: (234)-42 -253905 U. S. A. : (301) 962 -6201 Email: bdcp@bioresources. org www. bioresources. org