LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 9 Encounter Contact and

LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 9 Encounter: Contact and the Clash of Cultures ca. 1400– 1650

Global Travel and Trade 2 Global Travel and Trade Marco Polo visited Chinese court of Kublai Khan Returned to Italy after seventeen years; narrated account of travels to fellow prisoner of war Travels of Marco Polo Opened Europeans to interest in wider world European Expansion Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople; threatened overland routes to East © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Global Travel and Trade 3 Western offensive strategies to Ottoman rule Warfare; Battle of Lepanto (1571) Search for all-water routes to the East Europeans’ expansion influenced by desire to gain access to foreign products and markets Expansion facilitated by technological developments Cartographers Prince Henry the Navigator Compass; astrolabe Lateen sail © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Global Travel and Trade 4 Two- and three-masted caravels with multiple sails facilitated travel Outfitted Earliest with firepower exploration undertaken by Portuguese Reached Congo in 1483 Bartholomeu Diaz (1488) rounded tip of Africa on way to India Vasco da Gama navigated across Indian Ocean to India By 1509, Portuguese eliminated Arab competition through naval power © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Global Travel and Trade 5 Spanish hired Christopher Columbus to sail west in search of water route to China Inadvertently discovered the Americas © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Global Travel and Trade 6 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa 7 Cultural Heritage “Dark Continent” Diverse in geography, language, political organization Shared some cultural characteristics Kinship system Tribe consisted of federation of clans ruled by chiefs Animism Rituals honoring spirits of the dead and of natural forces © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa 8 West African Kingdoms First African states emerged in Sudan in ninth century C. E. First Mali was Ghana Empire formed during thirteenth century Sundiata Conversion to Islam Benin By twelfth century, dominated West African territories north of Niger delta Obas regarded themselves as descendants of the gods © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa 9 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa 10 African Literature Oral tradition Griots Sundiata Arab scholars transcribed popular tales and stories into Arabic during tenth century Rituals and rites of passage featured chants Poetry was personal form of vocal music Anaphora Mythical tales Creation myths © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa 11 African Music and Dance Rhythms of poetry and dance Call-and-answer “Gangele Song” Polyrhythmic “Off-beat” patterns Dance communally performed; shares polyrhythmic qualities of music Percussive Balafo; Origin bolon or kora; sansa of the banjo © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa 12 African Sculpture Meant to be a channel of spiritual power Masks and headdresses Totem Chi Wara Benin bronze portraits Nok terracotta figures Most African sculpture done in wood Scarification Many lost because material not permanent © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa 13 Also mastered terracotta molding, ivory carving, and metal-casting African Architecture Few urban settlements Remains of palace complex in Zimbabwe Little survives because of material impermanence Muslim-dominated cities contain striking architecture Adobe mosques of Mali Fusion of Muslim and ancestral traditions © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Africa 14 The Europeans in Africa European commercial activity spurred on by quest for sea routes to the East and control over gold, salt, and slave markets Transatlantic slave trade began in 1530 s Triangular trade route © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Americas 15 Native American Cultures Culturally Tribal diverse loyalties; communion with nature Wood, stone, bone tools; no draft animals or wheeled vehicles The Arts of Native North America Items of daily use; power-objects Holistic; animistic Masks; pottery; kachinas, totems © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Americas 16 Anasazi pueblos Kivas Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde Elegant ceramic wares Religious rituals blended poetry, music, dance Sun dance Night Chant Myths and folktales transmitted orally Hero-tricksters Creation myths Tales describing workings of nature © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Americas 17 The Arts of Meso- and South America Gold was favored medium Associated with sun; choice medium to glorify gods Maya Civilization Fortified cities; elaborate religious complexes Teotihuacán Temple Shrine and sanctuary; burial place for priests Ballpark Losers sacrificed © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Americas 18 Blood sacrifice and bloodletting honored Written Most gods and confirmed legitimacy of rulers hieroglyphic language destroyed by Spanish missionaries and settlers Popol Vuh: Maya creation story Accomplished mathematicians and astronomers Chichén Itzá Steps and platform correspond to 365 days in solar calendar © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Americas 19 Inka Civilization Biggest power in South America by late fifteenth century Built roads and bridges for trade and communication Quipu Cult of the sun Ritual Machu sacrifice Picchu © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Americas 20 Aztec Civilization Conquering tribe of warriors Capital at Tenochtitlán Masterful engineers Nature deities; sun worship Blood sacrifice Monumental Coatlique, stone structures Mother of the Gods Timekeeping “Calendar Stone” © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Americas 21 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cross-Cultural Encounter 22 The Spanish in the Americas Conquistadores Hernán sought fortune in New World Cortés overcame Aztecs in 1521 Factors: gunpowder, muskets, religious prophesy, smallpox Destroyed Tenochtitlán and melted down gold-work Letters from Mexico Important because gives details of Aztec culture that were destroyed © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cross-Cultural Encounter 23 The Columbian Exchange Interchange of goods and products between Western Europe and the Americas Commercial, Biological economic, and dietary consequences and cultural mix altered populations Mestizo Creole © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.