LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 12 Romanticism Nature Passion

LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 12 Romanticism: Nature, Passion, and the Sublime ca. 1780– 1880

Heralds of Romanticism 2 Napoleon: Romantic Hero Napoleon seized control of France in 1799 Conquest of Western Europe Spread revolutionary ideals Nationalism Code Napoléon Exiled and escaped from Elba Finally defeated by Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo First modern European dictator; nineteenth-century Romantic hero © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Heralds of Romanticism 3 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Heralds of Romanticism 4 Nineteenth-Century Philosophers Hegel “Absolute mind” Dialectic Thesis, antithesis, synthesis The Philosophy of History State as last stage in development of spirit Schopenhauer Nature devoid of reason; burdened by suffering The World as Will and Idea “Life-will” © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Heralds of Romanticism 5 Darwin’s On the Origin of Species Evolution operates by natural selection Substantiated theories of de Lamarck Natural selection, not divine will, governs lineage of living things Challenged Creationism All creatures related by kinship to simpler life forms; difference in degree, not kind The Descent of Man “Social Darwinism” Eugenics © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Heralds of Romanticism 6 The Industrial Revolution Steam By engine invented by James Watt in 1765 mid-century, its use was widespread Significant Growth social and economic effects of labor force; environmental impact © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Heralds of Romanticism 7 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Literature 8 Wordsworth and the Poetry of Nature a metaphor for the sublime William Wordsworth Leading Romantic nature poet Lyrical Ballads (written with Coleridge) Marked birth of Romantic movement “Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Literature 9 Shelley and Keats Shelley The Necessity of Atheism Lyric poems “Ode to the West Wind” “Ozymandias” Keats Art as the balm of the poet “Ode on a Grecian Urn” © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Literature 10 Byron: Romantic Hero Byronic hero: prototypical Romantic hero Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage Don Juan Blake: Romantic Mystic Poet, painter, engraver; mystical view of nature Songs of Experience “The Tiger” The Great Red Dragon and the Woman Clothed with the Sun © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Literature 11 Goethe’s Faust Based on German legend Faust sold his soul to the devil for infinite knowledge and personal experience Quintessential Romantic hero Delacroix, Mephistopheles Appearing to Faust in His Study © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Literature 12 The Female Voice Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre Female novelists tended to perpetuate Romantic stereotype of women Jane Austen, an exception Sense and Sensibility First Realist in English novel-writing Dupin (pen name George Sand) Self-conscious examination of Romantic stereotypes © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Literature 13 Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Prometheus Explored human impact of scientific experimentation Gothic novel Horror and the supernatural in a medieval setting Anti-rational © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

American Romanticism 14 Transcendentalism Knowledge gained by way of intuition transcends knowledge based on reason Direct experience with nature unites one with God Advocated individualism, self-reliance Emerson Essays Thoreau Passive resistance; moral idealism Walden: “handbook for living” © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

American Romanticism 15 Whitman’s Romantic Individualism Free verse Everyday life was theme of Whitman’s works Nationalism and democracy Unity with nature Leaves of Grass “Song of Myself” © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

American Romanticism 16 Abolitionist Literature Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin Turner’s rebellion; “Confessions of Nat Turner” Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave Bomefree, Narrative of Sojourner Truth Became vocal abolitionist, champion of women’s rights, evangelist Skilled orator Ain’t I a Woman? © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romanticism in the Visual Arts 17 Romanticism in the Visual Arts Themes aid in exploration of feeling, intuition Nature; natural landscape Fantasy; medieval lore Nationalism; glorification of national heritage Heroism Modeled form by way of color Dynamic diagonals Visible brushstrokes © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romanticism in the Visual Arts 18 The Romantic Landscape Constable Inspiration in ordinary subjects; nature as humble, intimate The Hay Wain Turner Nature as vast and powerful The Slave Ship Barbizon school first to take easels outside Romantic Realists Corot © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romanticism in the Visual Arts 19 American Painting Landscape a favorite subject Cole Hudson River school The Oxbow Bierstadt Panoramic depictions of the American West The Rocky Mountains, Lander’s Peak Catlin Documentary study of Native Americans The White Cloud, Head Chief of the Iowas © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romanticism in the Visual Arts 20 The Popular Hero: Goya and Géricault Goya: contemporary subject matter The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid “The Disasters of War” Brave Deeds Against the Dead Géricault: The broadened range of Romantic subjects Raft of the “Medusa” © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romanticism in the Visual Arts 21 Revolutionary Heroism: Delacroix Invested the hero with Byronic grandeur; created dramatic narrative Liberty Leading the People Allegorical Hallmark struggle for human freedom of style: pictorial license © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romanticism in the Visual Arts 22 Romantic Sculpture Served the cause of nationalism Rude, The Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 Romantic Architecture Influenced by medieval and exotic styles Neogothic: British Houses of Parliament Inspired by exotic East: Royal Pavilion at Brighton Neomedievalism served ideals of nationalism: patriotic identification with the past © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Music and Dance 23 Romantic Music and Dance Hallmark: personalized expression Favored loosened forms, lyrical melodies, lively shifts in meter and tempo Elevated tone color Orchestra More grew to grand proportions instrumental variety Symphony and concerto most important of large orchestral forms; song forms also significant Composers often also performers Virtuoso pieces; Paganini © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Music and Dance 24 The Symphony: Beethoven Greatest achievement: nine symphonies Expanded dimensions of classical form Enriched instrumental textures Symphony Four-note No. 5 in C minor motif: “fate knocking at the door” The Art of Song: Schubert Unification of poetry and music The lied Erlkönig (Erlking) © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Music and Dance 25 Program Music: Berlioz Instrumental music endowed with a specific literary or pictorial content Powerful influence of literature upon the arts Symphonie Idée fantastique fixe Nationalistic program music Tchaikovsky, 1812 Overture Commemorated Napoleon’s retreat from France; incorporates French and tzarist Russian national anthems © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Music and Dance 26 Piano Music: Chopin Nineteenth-century age of the virtuoso Chopin Étude in G-flat major Opus 10, No. 5 The Romantic Ballet La sylphide Paris Petipa The Opéra; Maria Taglioni, prima ballerina and Tchaikovsky: Russian ballet Sleeping Beauty; The Nutcracker; Swan Lake © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Music and Dance 27 Grand Opera: Verdi Quintessential expression of Romantic sensibility Bel canto style flourished in Italy Rossini, The Barber of Seville Donizetti, Lucia di Lammermoor Verdi’s works evidence of shift of operatic drama Rigoletto La Traviata Aida © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Romantic Music and Dance 28 Music-Drama: Wagner Union of music and literature Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung) Fifteen-hour cycle of four music-dramas Heroic themes Use of leitmotifs © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Exploring Africa 29 Exploring Africa Dramatic changes in Africa in nineteenth century Trade in guns and slaves transformational Penetration of interior for economic advantage; intellectual curiosity Cure for malaria Oral traditions of music and literature recorded in written languages High artistic productivity Beaded objects Handwoven textiles; kente © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.