LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 11 Enlightenment Science and

LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 11 Enlightenment: Science and the New Learning ca. 1650– 1800

The Scientific Revolution 2 The Scientific Revolution Culminated in union of three movements Use of empirical methodology Use of mathematical theory for verification Development of new instruments Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) Copernicus, On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres Heliocentric theory © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Scientific Revolution 3 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Scientific Revolution 4 Kepler New Astronomy Laws of planetary motion Toppled view of a fixed and unchanging cosmos centered on humankind Opposed in religious circles Galileo Law of falling bodies Invented telescope Proved heliocentric theory © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Scientific Revolution 5 Bacon and the Empirical Method Inquiry that depends on direct observation of nature and experimentation Inductive reasoning Knowledge gained through the senses Novum Organum (New Method) Idols of the Tribe Idols of the Cave Idols of the Marketplace Idols of the Theater Called for separation of science and religion © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Scientific Revolution 6 Descartes and the Birth of Modern Philosophy Favored abstract reasoning and mathematical proof Deductive reasoning From established general premises to establishment of particular truths Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking for Truth in the Sciences “Cogito, Dualistic ergo sum” model © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Scientific Revolution 7 Newton’s Synthesis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles) Law of motion/law of universal gravitation Union of inductive and deductive methods © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Scientific Revolution 8 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Enlightenment 9 The Enlightenment Objective attitude toward nature Confidence in reason Natural law Natural rights © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Enlightenment 10 Locke: Enlightenment Herald Essay Concerning Human Understanding Tabula Of rasa Civil Government upon consent of governed Must protect natural rights of citizens Defended political rebellion in face of tyranny Diverged from Hobbes (Leviathan) Individuals should surrender freedom to a governing authority © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Enlightenment 11 Montesquieu and Jefferson Montesquieu, Proponent Jefferson, of separation of powers Declaration of Independence Influenced The Spirit of the Laws by Locke, Montesquieu Ideology of revolt Consent of the governed Checks and balances Unalienable rights Established a system of representative government © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Enlightenment 12 The Philosophes French intellectuals; applied scientific models, empirical method to all aspects of human life “Ecrasez Most l’ infame” (“Wipe out all evils”) subscribed to deism God created world but takes no part in its functioning Diderot, Encyclopedia Compendium of contemporary knowledge © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Enlightenment 13 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Enlightenment 14 The Crusade for Progress Leibniz: principle of sufficient reason There is a reason or purpose for everything in nature “Philosophic optimism” Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind Perfect humankind through exercise of reason Optimist One of first modern champions of sexual equality © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Enlightenment 15 Enlightenment and the Rights of Women Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Attacked persistence of female stereotype Kant and Enlightenment Ethics Rationalism as guide for human conduct Critique of Practical Reason “Categorical imperative” Ethical conduct based on reason “Sapere Aude!” (“Dare to know!) © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Enlightenment 16 Rousseau: Enlightenment Rebel The Social Contract Humans corrupted by society and its institutions “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” “Noble savage” General will Émile Education begins at birth Advocated “hands-on” experiences Natural inquisitiveness over rote learning © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Enlightenment 17 Adam Smith: Economic Theory An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Labor basic to prosperity Supply and demand motivates free market economy Markets driven toward public good by “invisible hand” Limited, but necessary, role for government © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Enlightenment 18 Revolutions of the Late Eighteenth Century American Revolution 1789, American colonies began to function under Constitution French Revolution Causes Class inequality Financial crisis Taxation, population growth, rising prices, bread shortages © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Enlightenment 19 Third Stormed the Bastille Third Estate declared itself an independent body Estate formed the National Assembly Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen De Gouges, A Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen Reign of Terror Over 40, 000 deaths by guillotine National Convention Government run by two legislative chambers, five-man executive body of directors © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Literature and the Enlightenment 20 Pope: Poet of the Age of Reason Essay on Man Philosophical poem explaining humankind’s place in the universal scheme Newspapers and Novels Social criticism important in Enlightenment literature Journalistic essay Informal prose style Addison/Steel: Tatler and Spectator © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Literature and the Enlightenment 21 Development Defoe, of the modern novel Robinson Crusoe Sharp realism Slave Narratives Literature written by Africans who survived the Middle Passage; slavery Equiano, Travels © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Literature and the Enlightenment 22 Satire: Swift and Voltaire Technological innovation Industrial Revolution gave rise to dangerous working conditions; exploitation of labor Satire drew attention to contradiction between Enlightenment ideals and contemporary realities Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels Voltaire’s Candide: How can evil exist in a universe governed by the forces of good? © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Literature and the Enlightenment 23 Hogarth’s Visual Satires Visual record of ills of eighteenth-century British society “The Harlot’s Progress” “The Rake’s Progress” The Marriage Transaction Caricature, comic irony, symbolic detail © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Visual Arts and the Enlightenment 24 The Rococo Style Ornamental; delicate and playful Salon de la Princesse Rococo gardens Naturalism of Chinese gardens Cult of chinoiserie Church of Ottobeuren in Bavaria Johann Michael Fischer © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Visual Arts and the Enlightenment 25 Rococo Painting The pursuit of pleasure is theme of many Rococo paintings Watteau, Departure from the Island of Cythera Fête galante François Friend of Madame de Pompadour Influenced fashion and arts at Versailles The Boucher Bath of Venus Erotic female nude was favorite Rococo subject © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Visual Arts and the Enlightenment 26 Vigée-Lebrun Self-conscious materialism Marie Antoinette Fragonard The Swing Rococo Sculpture Usually lighthearted subjects Clodion The Intoxication of Wine © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Visual Arts and the Enlightenment 27 Genre Painting Enlightenment critics attacked Rococo as frivolous Greuze Realistic scenes of everyday life Village Betrothal Chardin The Kitchen Maid © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Visual Arts and the Enlightenment 28 Neoclassicism Revival of Greco-Roman culture Scientific study of Classical ruins Herculaneum; Pompeii First time scientists able to distinguish between Greek and Roman artifacts Winckelmann History of Ancient Art © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Visual Arts and the Enlightenment 29 Neoclassical Architecture Simple Great Official geometric masses; rectilinear wall planes contrast to Baroque, Rococo style of French Revolution Vignon, Church of Saint Mary Magdalene Arch of Triumph Neoclassicism Jefferson embraced by fledgling U. S. saw architecture as tool of Enlightenment Virginia State Capitol University of Virginia Rotunda Monticello © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Visual Arts and the Enlightenment 30 Neoclassical Sculpture Houdon, leading European portrait sculptor Voltaire Thomas Jefferson Canova Influenced by idealized nude sculptures of Hellenic Greece Pauline Borghese as Venus © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Visual Arts and the Enlightenment 31 Neoclassical Painting Jacques-Louis David Pioneer of new Classicism The Oath of the Horatii Geometric shapes, hard-edged contours, somber colors Ingres La Grande Odalisque Fine lines; polished brushstrokes Elongated body, departure from Classical norm © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Music and the Enlightenment 32 Music and the Enlightenment Rise of music for secular entertainment Eighteenth century gave rise to distinct Western musical characteristics Harmony is proper and essential to music Musical composition should be original product of a single composer Pieces should be rehearsed and performed in same way each time Order and formality characterize classical music © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Music and the Enlightenment 33 Eighteenth-Century Classical Music Prevailed in West between 1760 and 1820 Symmetry, balance, formal restraint Developed unique model for clarity of form and purity of design Written for variety of instrumental groupings Symphony Concerto String quartet Sonata © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Music and the Enlightenment 34 All genres had same formal structure Three or four movements Each followed specific tempo First: allegro Second: andante or largo Third: dance tempo Fourth: allegro Sonata form Theme Basic and variation musical idea repeated in various ways © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Music and the Enlightenment 35 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Music and the Enlightenment 36 The Birth of the Symphony Orchestra Groups of related instruments, each with own character or personality Strings, woodwinds, brass, percussion Haydn “Father of the symphony” Wrote 104 symphonies, 84 string quartets at Esterházy Court In London, wrote twelve symphonies in which he expanded harmonic range, dramatic effects Symphony No. 94 in G major (“The Surprise”) © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Music and the Enlightenment 37 © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Music and the Enlightenment 38 Mozart Child prodigy: wrote first composition at six Unparalleled melodic inventiveness Symphony Nos. 39, 40, and 41 Landmarks Wrote in classical symphonic form four of most loved Western operas The Marriage of Figaro; Don Giovanni; Thus Do All Women; The Magic Flute Never received adequate patronage; died a pauper © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Japan 39 The Way of Tea and Zen The ritual tea ceremony Synthesis of art, theater, rite Required special room, distinctive implements, stylized etiquette Refined in conjunction with Zen Buddhism Revival of Zen painting Edaku, Meditating Dharuma Haiku 5/7/5; contrasting images; absence of detail Matsuo Basho © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.