LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 10 Baroque Piety and

LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 10 Baroque: Piety and Extravagance ca. 1650– 1750

The Catholic Reformation 2 Loyola and the Jesuit Order Ignatius Loyola, fervent Spanish Catholic Society of Jesus “Soldiers of Christ”; monastic order of the Catholic Reformation Militant return to fundamental Catholic dogma Strict enforcement of traditional Church teachings Amalgam Spiritual Exercises Council of mysticism and militant religious zeal of Trent Reconfirmed seven sacraments; reasserted traditional Catholic position on all theological matters © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Catholic Reformation 3 Mannerist Painting Surge in artistic activity spurred by Catholic reformers Mannerism Spatial complexity, artificiality, and affectation Psychological intensity Parmigianino Madonna El of the Long Neck Greco The Agony in the Garden Captured mystical fervor of new Catholicism © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Catholic Reformation 4 Music and the Catholic Reformation Council of Trent tried to rid sacred music of secular influence Banned complex polyphony; message of text primary Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass A cappella “Music of mystic serenity” © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Italian Baroque 5 The Italian Baroque: artistic style dominated by florid ornamentation, spatial grandeur, theatrical flamboyance Enhanced piety; extravagant settings Italian Baroque Architecture Saint Peter’s basilica Michelangelo Bernini Piazza of St. Peter’s; baldacchino © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Italian Baroque 6 Italian Baroque Sculpture Bernini was leading sculptor David The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Theatrical; illusionist Italian Baroque Painting Realistic detail; illusionistic effects Light/dark contrast Foreshortening © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Italian Baroque 7 Caravaggio The Crucifixion of Saint Peter Lifelike realization of natural world Appeal to senses rather than intellect Gentileschi Judith Slaying Holofernes Female painter; favorite subject was biblical heroines Pozzo Church of Sant’Ignazio, Rome © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Northern Baroque 8 The Northern Baroque Protestants stripped churches of ornamentation; Bible exercised influence on the arts Patronage of middle class; interest in secular life The Rise of the English Commonwealth “Glorious Revolution” (1688) Constitutional government established Bill of Rights (1688) Toleration Act (1689) © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Northern Baroque 9 The King James Bible “Authorized” English-language edition of Old and New Testaments Lasting influence on English language, literature Donne Developed sermon as vehicle for philosophic meditation Meditations “Conceits” Metaphysical Holy poetry Sonnets © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Northern Baroque 10 Milton Political activist Challenged English society with expository prose essays Desired to compose a modern epic Paradise Lost The London of Christopher Wren Leading architect of large-scale building activity in London after fire destroyed much of city in 1666 Saint Paul’s Cathedral © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Northern Baroque 11 Seventeenth-Century Holland commercially active; citizens profited Patrons Maria van Oosterwyck Vanitas of the arts; Golden Age of painting Still Life (1668) Vermeer Master of light View of Delft The Milkmaid © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Northern Baroque 12 Rembrandt Produced Leading landmark works in every genre portrait painter Captain Frans Banning Cocq Mustering his Company Group portraiture Self-portraits Self-Portrait mirror history of his career as Saint Paul (1661) Christ Preaching Etching/printmaking © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Aristocratic Baroque 13 The Aristocratic Baroque Emerged Absolute in Western European royal courts monarchy Louis XIV of France Louis XIV and the Arts Created and subsidized government-sponsored institutions in the arts (academies) Neoclassicist “The Sun King” Used arts for propaganda value © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Aristocratic Baroque 14 Louis XIV moved capital from Paris to Versailles Symbol of absolute order Baroque synthesis of Classical and Palladian elements Magnificent gardens; symbolic of royal grandeur Hall of Mirrors © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Aristocratic Baroque 15 Theater Arts Louis established first permanent orchestra All members of court expected to perform basic dances; minuet was favorite Extravagant ballets in which Louis participated Birth of professional dance; dance as independent art form Choreography © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Aristocratic Baroque 16 Louis also greatly influenced theatrical performance Molière Comedies focused on comic foibles of society The Misanthrope Dramatic Rules tragedies popular in Paris fixed by Academy Morally uplifting; high-minded; Greek or Roman literary characters Pierre Corneille; Jean Racine © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Aristocratic Baroque 17 Academic Art Academy required artists to use formalized rules of the Grand Style Poussin Arcadian Shepherds The Aristocratic Baroque Portrait Rigaud, Portrait of Louis XIV Van Dyck Charles I on Horseback © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Aristocratic Baroque 18 Velázquez and Rubens Velázquez Las was Spain’s most prestigious artist Meninas (The Maids of Honor) Rubens Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus Power over privilege © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Baroque Music 19 Gabrieli Composed dramatic polychoral and instrumental religious music Use of acoustics In ecclesiis Concertato “Father of orchestration” Dynamics Advanced system of major-minor tonality © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Baroque Music 20 The Birth of Opera Emerged out of Renaissance efforts to revive music-drama of ancient Greek theater Monteverdi Orfeo Music at the Court of Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Lully Neoclassical themes Included formal dance © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Baroque Music 21 Handel and the English Oratorio Developed the English oratorio Homophonic organization Figured bass Messiah “Hallelujah Chorus” Bach and Religious Music Cantatas inspired by Luther; based on chorales “A Mighty Fortress is Our God” Passion According to Saint Matthew © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Baroque Music 22 Instrumental Music Rise of music without extramusical text Music for its own sake Refinements Equal in tuning temperament Standardization Amati, of musical instruments Guarneri, Stradivari families of Cremona, Italy Sonata Suite Concerto © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Baroque Music 23 Vivaldi Leading Italian composer of Baroque instrumental music Systemized concerto into three movements; heightened contrasts between solo and ensemble groups The Four Seasons Use of program music © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Baroque Music 24 Bach and Instrumental Music The Brandenburg Concertos Art of Fugue © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Beyond the West: Aristocratic Landmarks 25 Japan Tokugawa dynasty Shogun enforced etiquette at court in Edo Artistic production reached new heights Irises at Yatuhashi India Shah Jahan Absolute ruler; patron of the arts Sumptuous palaces Taj Mahal Royal tomb for his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal © 2013, The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.