LAND COVER INVESTIGATION Data Collection Land Cover Sample

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LAND COVER INVESTIGATION Data Collection Land Cover Sample Site and Biometry Protocols 1 Land

LAND COVER INVESTIGATION Data Collection Land Cover Sample Site and Biometry Protocols 1 Land Cover Investigation Mapping Manual and Computeraided Mapping and Change Over Time Protocols

LAND COVER INVESTIGATION • Collect MANY Land Cover Sample Sites. • Map your GLOBE

LAND COVER INVESTIGATION • Collect MANY Land Cover Sample Sites. • Map your GLOBE Study Site using the data and topographic maps, aerial photos, etc. with manual mapping or computeraided mapping. • Carry out an accuracy assessment. • Analyze change in two images several years apart. 2 Land Cover Investigation

LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE PROTOCOL What you need in the field: – *GPS –

LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE PROTOCOL What you need in the field: – *GPS – *compass – *MUC Field Guide or MUC System Table and MUC Glossary of Terms – *camera – *pen or pencil – *Land Cover Sample Site and GPS Data Sheets – *clipboard – Student Field Guides for Land Cover Sample Site, * GPS* and Biometry Protocol – *knowledge of your individual pace – vegetation field guides – markers for permanent sites – 50 m tape measure – flags *MUC-A-THON (no Biometry) quick and easy minimum. 3 Land Cover Investigation

LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE PROTOCOL • 90 m X 90 m • Homogeneous land

LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE PROTOCOL • 90 m X 90 m • Homogeneous land cover (same MUC throughout) • At least one per land cover type found in your Study Site • Three observations – latitude, longitude, elevation (GPS) – MUC – photos 4 Land Cover Investigation

LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE PROTOCOL 5 Land Cover Investigation

LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE PROTOCOL 5 Land Cover Investigation

LAND COVER SAMPLE SITES • The thorough study in a homogeneous site: – mark

LAND COVER SAMPLE SITES • The thorough study in a homogeneous site: – mark the four corners of your 90 m x 90 m site and the four corners of the center 30 m x 30 m pixel – pace both diagonals and collect canopy and ground cover data – measure the heights of the dominant land cover(s) (trees, shrubs and/or graminoids) – determine MUC – take GPS measurements – take photos in the four cardinal directions 6 Land Cover Investigation

LAND COVER SAMPLE SITES • The MUC-A-THON quick and easy: – pace (N, W,

LAND COVER SAMPLE SITES • The MUC-A-THON quick and easy: – pace (N, W, E, S) into the center of a homogeneous site (at least 45 m) from a different land cover type (ex. road) – take GPS measurements – take photos in the four cardinal directions – determine MUC – Cannot determine MUC? • pace the diagonals, collect canopy and ground cover data, take any height measurements that you need OR • find another site where you do not need to take measurements 7 Land Cover Investigation

USING GPS IN A LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE We need to compare each Land

USING GPS IN A LAND COVER SAMPLE SITE We need to compare each Land Cover Sample Site on the ground to the corresponding area on the image. 8 – If we take the average of 5 minutes of GPS readings, our position is accurate to about ± 5 m. – It is impossible to determine the exact corner location of a single pixel on the ground. – By collecting GPS data in the center of the site, we know that within the positional accuracy of the imagery and ground, the center pixel is within the 90 m x 90 m Land Cover Sample. Land Cover Investigation

GPS PROTOCOL • Stand at the center of the site • Record the GPS

GPS PROTOCOL • Stand at the center of the site • Record the GPS measurements (to the highest number of decimal places for your GPS) once per minute for 5 minutes • Average the readings • Report to the highest decimal place (at least 4) • Use the offset GPS Protocol if you cannot get a reading from the center of the site 9 Land Cover Investigation

BIOMETRY PROTOCOL • Vegetation measurements – – canopy (tree and/or shrub) and ground cover

BIOMETRY PROTOCOL • Vegetation measurements – – canopy (tree and/or shrub) and ground cover tree, shrub and/or graminoid height tree circumference graminoid biomass • All relevant Biometry measurements should be taken in order to determine and/or verify the correct land cover class. • After that, it’s up to you! 10 Land Cover Investigation

BIOMETRY EXAMPLES 11 Land Cover Investigation

BIOMETRY EXAMPLES 11 Land Cover Investigation

SITE SELECTION AND SET-UP • Determine if it is 90 m x 90 m

SITE SELECTION AND SET-UP • Determine if it is 90 m x 90 m • Take biometry measurements along diagonals of center 30 m x 30 m pixel – four student groups – one along each diagonal – combine data 12 Land Cover Investigation

PACING • Convenient measurement of distance - no need to take along a meter

PACING • Convenient measurement of distance - no need to take along a meter tape • One pace = 2 steps • To find key number of paces: – stretch out a 50 m tape – walk along it three times and average the number of paces you find for each of these measurements: – 30 m: length of one side of a sampling pixel – 45 m: distance to the center of a Land Cover Sample Site from one side – 21. 2 m: one-half of the center pixel diagonal (gives you how many canopy and ground cover measurements to make) 13 Land Cover Investigation

PACING 14 Land Cover Investigation

PACING 14 Land Cover Investigation

MARKING YOUR SITE (optional) Establish the center of your square by pacing the diagonal

MARKING YOUR SITE (optional) Establish the center of your square by pacing the diagonal transects of the square and placing a marker where the two paths intersect. You may use string to make these diagonals. Also note that the two diagonals should be of equal length. 15 Land Cover Investigation

MAKING AND USING A DENSIOMETER 16 Land Cover Investigation

MAKING AND USING A DENSIOMETER 16 Land Cover Investigation

MAKING AND USING A DENSIOMETER 17 Land Cover Investigation

MAKING AND USING A DENSIOMETER 17 Land Cover Investigation

GROUND AND CANOPY COVER • What you need in the field – tubular densiometer

GROUND AND CANOPY COVER • What you need in the field – tubular densiometer – Tree and/or Shrub Canopy Cover and Ground Cover Data Sheet(s) – pen or pencil – compass – species ID keys or local species guides – clipboard 18 Land Cover Investigation

GROUND AND CANOPY COVER From the center, at every pace along the halfdiagonal: 19

GROUND AND CANOPY COVER From the center, at every pace along the halfdiagonal: 19 Land Cover Investigation

GROUND AND CANOPY COVER – look up through densiometer crosshairs • record a (+),

GROUND AND CANOPY COVER – look up through densiometer crosshairs • record a (+), T or SB if you see canopy – record if it is E or D – record species or common name • no canopy, record (-) – look down for vegetation touching your legs or feet below the knee • record B or G for rooted (live) veg. – record GD, FB, OG, SB, DS » forb examples: clover, sunflowers, ferns, and milkweeds • record (-) for no ground cover 20 Land Cover Investigation

MAKING AND USING A CLINOMETER 21 Land Cover Investigation

MAKING AND USING A CLINOMETER 21 Land Cover Investigation

MAKING AND USING A CLINOMETER 22 Land Cover Investigation

MAKING AND USING A CLINOMETER 22 Land Cover Investigation

VEGETATION HEIGHT • What you need in the field – – – – –

VEGETATION HEIGHT • What you need in the field – – – – – 23 50 m measuring tape flexible measuring tape small bean bag Graminoid, Tree and Shrub Height Data Sheet pen or pencil permanent tree markers (optional) clinometer species ID keys or other local species guides blindfold Land Cover Investigation

VEGETATION HEIGHT • Graminoid and shrub height – use a bean bag to choose

VEGETATION HEIGHT • Graminoid and shrub height – use a bean bag to choose samples – average three measurements • Tree height (for level ground)* – choose tallest tree & shortest tree that reaches canopy, three in between – dominant and co-dominant species – be at least as far away as it is tall – clinometer close to 30 *Note: When the tree base and your feet are not at the same height, see the field guides for other methods! 24 Land Cover Investigation

VEGETATION HEIGHT – measure three times – average must be within 1 m of

VEGETATION HEIGHT – measure three times – average must be within 1 m of the heights – measure the same trees, report heights & circumferences in the same order 25 Land Cover Investigation

TREE CIRCUMFERENCE • What you need in the field – – 26 flexible measuring

TREE CIRCUMFERENCE • What you need in the field – – 26 flexible measuring tape Tree Circumference Data Sheet pen or pencil species ID keys or other local species guides Land Cover Investigation

TREE CIRCUMFERENCE • Tree circumference – same trees as tree height – measured at

TREE CIRCUMFERENCE • Tree circumference – same trees as tree height – measured at 1. 35 m 27 Land Cover Investigation

GRAMINOID BIOMASS • What you need in the field – – – – 28

GRAMINOID BIOMASS • What you need in the field – – – – 28 small bean bag Graminoid Biomass Data Sheet pen or pencil blindfold grass clippers or strong scissors small brown paper bags species ID keys or other local species guides IN THE CLASSROOM: balance and drying oven Land Cover Investigation

GRAMINOID BIOMASS • Within random 1 m square – – – clip all attached

GRAMINOID BIOMASS • Within random 1 m square – – – clip all attached graminoid vegetation at ground discard leaves, twigs, non-grasses sort into brown (senescent) and green (living) clippings place separately into brown paper bags repeat twice for a total of 3 samples • In the classroom – dry the bags in a drying oven (50 -70° C) until mass no longer changes – calculate mass of brown and green graminoids 29 Land Cover Investigation

MAPPING • Manual Mapping – – satellite image (print) transparency markers tranparency reference data,

MAPPING • Manual Mapping – – satellite image (print) transparency markers tranparency reference data, maps, aerial photos, etc. • Computer-aided Mapping (Advanced) 30 Land Cover Investigation

MAP USES • • • 31 studying the habitat of a certain animal or

MAP USES • • • 31 studying the habitat of a certain animal or plant looking at the succession of fields to forests studying the rate of growth of a particular village, town or city looking at the amount of undeveloped land deciding how to protect water resources deciding where to plant certain crops during the next growing season. deciding new school boundaries choosing where to connect recreational trails to create one continuous system deciding how to efficiently run public transportation studying another specific question Land Cover Investigation

MAPPING 32 Land Cover Investigation

MAPPING 32 Land Cover Investigation

MAPPING 33 Land Cover Investigation

MAPPING 33 Land Cover Investigation

MAPPING 34 Land Cover Investigation

MAPPING 34 Land Cover Investigation

LANDSAT IMAGE Using the Land Cover data entry pages, you can request your GLOBE

LANDSAT IMAGE Using the Land Cover data entry pages, you can request your GLOBE Study Site image once you have reported 250 measurements and submitted the GPS coordinates of your school location. 35 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING • Assemble your materials • Place transparency over the satellite image •

MANUAL MAPPING • Assemble your materials • Place transparency over the satellite image • Using topographic maps and aerial photographs, start to outline areas • To start, use common names but work up to MUC classes! 36 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Identify Water Bodies 37 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Identify Water Bodies 37 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Transportation Features Are Added 38 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Transportation Features Are Added 38 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Buildings and Developed Areas are Added 39 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Buildings and Developed Areas are Added 39 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Vegetated Areas and Other Features are Added 40 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Vegetated Areas and Other Features are Added 40 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Final Product - Student Classified Land Cover Map 41 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Final Product - Student Classified Land Cover Map 41 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Outline Water 42 Land Cover Investigation Outline Roads

MANUAL MAPPING Outline Water 42 Land Cover Investigation Outline Roads

MANUAL MAPPING Outline Other Classes Final Land Cover Map 43 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING Outline Other Classes Final Land Cover Map 43 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING 44 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING 44 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING 45 Land Cover Investigation

MANUAL MAPPING 45 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 46 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 46 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT After we collect many Land Cover Sample Sites throughout the GLOBE Study

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT After we collect many Land Cover Sample Sites throughout the GLOBE Study Site, perform an accuracy assessment on the land cover type map. 47 Site 1 1222 Site 2 1121 Site 3 Site 8 92 1121 Site 4 92 Site 7 Land Cover Investigation Site 6 1222 1121 Site 5 91

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Using the Land Cover Sample Site data, complete the Accuracy Assessment Work

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Using the Land Cover Sample Site data, complete the Accuracy Assessment Work Sheet. 48 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Build an empty difference/error matrix. 49 Label the matrix with the titles

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Build an empty difference/error matrix. 49 Label the matrix with the titles and MUC classes. Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Tally each row of data. 50 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Tally each row of data. 50 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 51 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 51 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT • Calculate: –Row Totals –Column Totals –Total Data Samples 52 Land Cover

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT • Calculate: –Row Totals –Column Totals –Total Data Samples 52 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Overall Accuracy indicates how well the map identifies all land cover types

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Overall Accuracy indicates how well the map identifies all land cover types on the ground. 53 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Producer’s Accuracy indicates what percentage of the time a particular land cover

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT Producer’s Accuracy indicates what percentage of the time a particular land cover type on the ground was identified as that land cover type on the map. It expresses how well the map producer identified a land cover type on the map from the satellite imagery data. 54 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT User’s Accuracy indicates what percentage of the time a particular land cover

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT User’s Accuracy indicates what percentage of the time a particular land cover type on the map is really that land cover type on the ground. It expresses how well a person using the map will find that land cover type on the ground. 55 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 56 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 56 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 57 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 57 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 58 Land Cover Investigation

ACCURACY ASSESSMENT 58 Land Cover Investigation