LAN 405 BEGINNING HEBREW II Class III 1

LAN 405 BEGINNING HEBREW II Class III: 1) Imperative, cohortative & jussive (Ch 18); 2) Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs (Ch 19) Dr. Esa Autero

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive 1. 1 Introduction q Volitional conjugation – imperative, cohortative & jussive q q q “Command, wish, desire” Related to imperfect [shortened forms] Imperative occurs 4, 288 x in the HB – Qal 2, 896 x (68%)* 2. 1 Imperative Conjugation q Primarily direct command – demanding immediate action q q Sometimes to communicate request or grant permission Only in 2 ms, 2 fs, 2 mp, 2 fp

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Forms of imperative q q Only four forms Imperfect without the preformative = imperative 2 ms 2 fs 2 mp 2 fp Imperative Sufformative Translation קטלי קטלו קטלנה ־ י ו נה (you) kill!

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Relationship between imperfect and imperative 2 ms 2 fs 2 mp 2 fp Imperfect form Substract preformative Imperative form תקטלי תקטלו תקטלנה ת׀קטלי ת׀קטלו ת׀קטלנה קטלי קטלו קטלנה

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Alternate forms with added ה in 2 ms imperative Verbal root q Regular 2 ms form Alternate form ( ) ה Translation You (2 ms) observe! שמ שמרה ר You (2 ms) judge! שפ שפטה ט NOTE: is NOT used שמעה in negative commands You (2 ms) listen! שמ imperative שמע q Use regular ע imperfect with לא or אל

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q The particle ( נא x 191 in HB. ) q q Imperative often followed by particle נא - translate as “please” or leave untranslated Translation of the imperative עבדו את־יהוה q q You serve (2 mp) the LORD OR Serve the LORD! (Ps 100: 2)

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Weak forms of imperative I – only spelling changes Imperfect I-Guttural Imperative Imperfect II-Guttural Imperative 2 ms 2 fs 2 mp 2 fp תחזקי תחזקו תחזקנה חזקי חזקו חזקנה Imperfect III- ח / ע Imperative תבחרי תבחרו תבחרנה Imperfect III- בחרי בחרו בחרנה א Imperative 2 ms תשלח תמצא 2 fs תשלחי תמצאי 2 mp תשלחו תמצאו 2 fp תשלחנה תמצאנה

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Weak forms of imperative II - loss of root consonants Geminate III- ה 2 ms 2 fs 2 mp 2 fp q Imperfect Imperative תבנה תבני תבנו תבנינה בני בנו בנינה תסבי תסבו תסבנה סבי סבו סבנה If unsure what the verb is, reconstruct the verb by trying out the q The following options: III- ה I- נ I- י

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Biconsonantal verbs קום 2 ms 2 fs 2 mp 2 fp שים Imperfect Imperative תקום תקומי תקומו תקומינה קום קומי קומו קמנה Imperfect תשים תשימי תשימו תשימינה Imperative שים שימי שימו ־

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Irregular or doubly weak verbs נתן 2 ms 2 fs 2 mp 2 fp q לקח Imperfect Imperative תתן תתני תתנו תתנה תן תני תנו תנה תקחי תקחו תקחנה קחי קחו קחנה See more on p. 216

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Frequently confused forms כתבה Qal pf. 3 fs “she wrote” from כתבו Qal pf. 3 cp “they wrote” from כתב בני Qal imp. 2 ms “(you) write!” from כתב (with ה ending) Qal. imp. 2 mp “(you) write” from כתב Qal imp. 2 fs “(you) build” from בנה Masc. sg. noun בן with 1 cs pronominal suffix (“my son”)

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive , בנו Qal. pf. 3 cp “they build” from בנה עלו Qal pf. 3 cp “they went” from עלה Preposition ב with 1 cp pronominal suffix “against us” Qal imp. 2 mp “(you) build!” from בנה Qal imp. “(you) go up” 2 mp from עלה

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive 2. 2 Cohortative q Expresses wish, request, or command q Only occurs in 1 st person – 1 cs. & 1 cp. q “Let me honor the LORD” “May we worship the LORD” q Particle נא commonly occurs with cohortative 1) The simple form of cohortative – the same as Impf. 1 cs. & 1 cp. q The position of the verb is the clue to identification q q When imperfect is the 1 st verb in the clause, it is cohortative q Unless it is consecutive When imperfect is not 1 st in the clause, it is regular imperfect

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Examples of simple cohortative: נע שה אדם בצלמנו Let us make humans in our own image (Gen 1: 26) אעבר בכל־צאנך Let me pass through all of your flocks (Gen 30: 32)

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive 2) Cohortative proper – with אקטלה q q q ה ending (c. 65% of the time) “May I kill” Stem vowel reduces to Shewa Examples of cohortative proper א שמרה תורתך May I observe your law (Ps 119: 44) נכרתה ברית Let us make a covenant (Gen 26: 28)

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive 2. 3 Jussive q Express wish, request, or command q Occurs only in 3 ms, 3 fs, 3 mp, 3 fp q q Use key words “let/may” to translate q Particle נא commonly occurs with jussive The position of the verb is the clue to identification q q When imperfect is the 1 st verb in the clause, it is jussive q Unless it is consecutive When imperfect is not 1 st in the clause, it is regular imperfect

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Examples jussive: יזכר־נא המלך את־יהוה Let the king remember the LORD (2 Sam 14: 11) יסלח־נא יהוה לעבדך May the LORD forgive your servant (2 Kgs 5: 18)

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Apocopated (shortened) forms of jussive (c. 23%) q Most common in III- ה Perfect בנה ע שה עלה ראה q He built He made He went up He saw Imperfect יבנה יע שה יעלה יראה He’ll build He’ll make He’ll go up He’ll rise Jussive יבן יע ש יעל ירא Jussive forms don’t have - ה ending q Apocopated endings only in 3 ms and 3 fs (singular forms) Let him build Let him make Let him go up Let him see

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Examples of apocopated jussive: ויבן את־בית יהוה And let him build the house of the LORD (Ezra 1: 3) יהי אור Let there be light (Gen 1: 3) q Negation of jussive and cohortative q Usually negated with אל milder prohibition than אל־נא נאבדה Do not let us perish (Jon 1: 14) לא +impf.

Imperative, Cohortative & Jussive q Practice q q Workbook p. 135, no: 1 -5 p. 141, no: 1 -5 p. 149, no: 1 -5 Homework: q See slide no: 37

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs 3. 1 Introduction q Pronominal suffixes on nouns and prepositons (ch. 9) q Pronominal suffixes also attached to verbs q Pronominal suffixes attached to direct object marker ישמר אתנו . שפט אתך He will keep us you q Pronominal suffixes attached to verbs ישמרנו He will keep us (Qal. pf. w/ 1 cp suffix) שפטך How. He to judged identify - Suffixes in verbs - Identify spelling changes He judged you (Qal. pf. 3 ms w/ 2 ms suffix)

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs Type 1 altern. Objective translation י ך ך ו ני הו Me 3 fs ה ה her (it) 1 cp נו כם כן הם ם us הן ן 3. 2 Pronominal suffixes 1 cs With verbs, type 1 2 ms suffixes generally used 2 fs q q Note that the translation has objective meaning (e. g. “me” not “my/mine”) 3 ms 2 mp 2 fp 3 mp 3 fp you him (it) you them

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs 3. 3 Pronominal suffixes on the Perfect verb q Spelling and accents: q קטל 1 cs Propretonic reduction ( )ק 2 ms q Pretonic lengthening ( )ט 2 fs q Type 1 (alt. ) in 1 cs, 3 mp, 3 fp 3 ms q 3 fs q Spelling changes: q Depends on whether pf form ends in consonant or vowel. 1 cp 2 mp 2 fp 3 mp 3 fp Qal. pf. 3 ms w/ suffixes Translation קטלני קטלך קטלהו / קטלו קטלה קטלנו קטלכם קטלכן קטלם קטלן He killed me He killed you He killed him/it He killed her/it He killed us He killed you He killed them

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs 3 ms 3 fs 2 ms 2 fs 1 cs 3 cp 2 mp 2 fp 2 cp Qal. pf. w/o suffixes Qalpf. b/f suffixes קטלה קטלתי קטלו קטלתם קטלתן קטלנו קטלתי קטלו ־ ־ קטלנו

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs Hebrew verb +suffix Verb with suffix 3 fs 2 ms )קטלת( קטלה )אכלת( אכלה )מצאת( מצאה )קטלת( קטלת )ידעת( ידעת )עבדת( עבדת הו ני נו הו ו ני קטלתהו אכלתני מצאתנו קטלתהו ידעתו עבדתני Translation She/it killed him She/it devoured me She/it found us You killed him You knew him You served me

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs Hebrew verb +suffix Verb with suffix 1 cs. 2 fs. * 3 cp. ו )קטלתי( קטלתי )נתתי( נתתי ה ם )ע שיתי( ע שיתי )קטלו( קטלו )סבב( סבבו )ידעו( ידעו הו ני ם קטלתיו נתתיה ע שיתם קטלוהו סבבני ידעום Translation I killed him I/She* gave her/it I made them They killed him They surrounded me They knew them

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs Hebrew verb +suffix Verb with suffix 1 cp. )קטלנו( קטלנו ) דרשנ( דרשנו )ידענו( ידענו ה ראה III- 3 ms. הו ם קטלנוהו דרשנהו ידענום ה b/f prom. suffix הו ראהו Translation We killed him We sought him We knew them Drops He saw him

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs q Other changes in the spelling on perfect suffixes 1) Spelling changes on suffixes based q Suffix added to a perfect form ending in consonant (3 ms, 3 fs, 2 ms) q Suffix added to a perfect ending in vowel (all others) q E. g. קטלתיה (I killed her) – compare the usual suffix (3 fs. )ה 2) Connecting vowels added to certain forms (b/w verb and suffix) q E. g. שלחך (He sent you, 2 fs) with Tsere as connecting vowel

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs 3. 4 Pronominal Suffixes with Imperfect לכד q Use Type 1 suffixes (like in Perfect) – minor changes q Additional suffix forms – nun-suffixes in 2 ms, 3 fs. Capture, seize Type 1 suffix Nun-suffix Example Translation ך ילכדך He will capture you Nun assimilated Daghesh Forte 2 ms ך 3 ms ו / הו נו ילכדנו He will capture him 3 fs ה / ה נה ילכדנה He will capture her Nun as the distinguishing factor

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs q Spelling of the imperfect sufformative is unchanged in every form q Few impf. forms have sufformative q One change reduction 3 ms 3 fs 2 ms 2 fs 1 cs of the stem vowel from 3 mp holem to shewa 3 fp 2 mp 2 fp 1 cp Qal. impf. w/o suffix Qal. impf. b/f suffix יקטל תקטלי אקטל יקטלו תקטלנה תקטלו תקטלנה נקטל יקטל תקטלי אקטל יקטלו ־ תקטלו ־ נקטל

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs Hebrew verb +suffix Verb with suffix 3 ms 1 cp 3 ms 2 ms יקטלו ויקברו ישמר יקטל ישלח ישמע הו נו הו ך ך יקטלהו יקטלונו ויקברהו ישמרך יקטלך ישלחך ישמעך Translation He will kill him They will kill us And they buried him *He will observe you He will kill you **He will send you He will hear you

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs q Connecting vowel in forms that end in consonant q q יקטלהו (Tsere) and ישמרה (Seghol) If form ends in vowel no connecting vowel needed q q E. g. in יקטלונו and ישמרום In imperfect of III- ה , forms that end in ה drop this ending before pronominal suffixes. q E. g. נה יראה יראנה (he will see her)

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs q Frequently occurring impf. forms w/ pronominal suffixes that are difficult to identify: q נתן (to give); ( לקח to take); שים (to put, place) Hebrew verb +suffix Verb with suffix 3 mp. 3 fs. 2 ms. ויתן ויקח ישים ם ה ך ויתנם ויקחה ישימך Translation And he gave them And he took her/it He will place you

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs 3. 5 Pronominal suffixes on the imperative q Suffixes same as those with imperfect q Only minor spelling changes occur q Qal. imp. 2 ms קטל is spelled קטל b/f suffix (vowel is Qamets Hatuf)

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs q Hebrew verb +suffix Verb with suffix Connecting vowel in forms that end in consonant 3 mpq E. g. 1 cs 3 mp 1 cs 3 fs Translation שמר שפט תפשו ם ני ם שמרם שפטני תפשום (You) observe them דרשו שמע גאל ני ה דרשוני שמעני גאלה (You) seek me (You) judge me (You) seize* them (You) hear me (You) redeem her Parsing ילכדנו Qal impf. 3 ms לכד w/ 3 ms suffix He will capture him

Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs q Practice q q Workbook p. 157, no: 1 -5 Homework q q Workbook: “Bible Translation”, p. 137, no: 1; p. 143, no: 1; p. 152, no: 1; p. 160, no: 1 -2. Quizz III on vocabularies, chs. 18 -19 (18. 17 [p. 222] & 19. 11 [p. 233])