LAN 405 BEGINNING HEBREW II Class I Qal

LAN 405 BEGINNING HEBREW II Class I: Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs (Ch. 16) Dr. Esa Autero

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 1. 1 Introduction q Qal impf. weak verbs – exhibit significant variation q q q Preformatives and sufformatives always same Important to memorize strong verb paradigm In weak verbs important to memorize four paradigms q II-guttural q III- ח / ע q III- א q III- ה q Other may be deduced based on general patterns

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2. 1 II-Guttural and III- ע / ח verbs II-Guttural* q Pathach stem vowel gutturals prefer a-type 3 ms יבחר vowels 3 fs q Note the hateph pathach 2 ms 2 fs 1 cs 3 mp 3 fp 2 mp 2 fp 1 cp תבחרי אבחר יבחרו תבחרנה תבחרו תבחרנה נבחר III- ע / ח ישלח תשלחי א שלח ישלחו תשלחנה תשלחו תשלחנה נשלח Strong יקטל תקטלי אקטל יקטלו תקטלנה תקטלו תקטלנה נקטל

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2. 2 III- א Verbs א is quiescent in most forms 3 ms q Stem vowel Qamets – when no 3 fs no sufformative present 2 ms q Unexpected Seghol in 3 fp, 2 fp q 2 fs 1 cs 3 mp 3 fp 2 mp 2 fp 1 cp III- א Strong ימצא תמצאי אמצא ימצאו תמצאנה תמצאו תמצאנה נמצא יקטל תקטלי אקטל יקטלו תקטלנה תקטלו תקטלנה נקטל

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2. 3 III- ה Verbs q Forms w/o sufformative have an ה ending 3 ms 3 fs Not the original consonant but 2 ms a vowel letter (mater lectionis) 2 fs Helps recognize the form q q Forms w/ sufformative are 1 cs w/o ה ending 3 mp In 3 fp & 2 fp, Seghol Yod as stem vowel 3 fp q q Sometimes* 3 ms w/o final ה 2 mp 2 fp 1 cp III- א Strong יבנה תבנה תבני אבנה יבנו תבנינה תבנו תבנינה נבנה יקטל תקטלי אקטל יקטלו תקטלנה תקטלו תקטלנה נקטל

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs I-Guttural [Type 1] I-Guttural [Type 2] 2. 4 I-Guttural Verbs 3 ms Type 1: Pathach stem vowel Seghol preformative & hateph Seghol q Closed Seghol (2 fs, 3 mp & 2 mp) Type 2: Holem stem w/ Pathach preformt. and Hateph Pathach under 1 st guttural q 1 cs is the exception q 3 fs 2 ms 2 fs 1 cs 3 mp 3 fp 2 mp 2 fp 1 cp יחזק תחזקי אחזק יחזקו תחזקנה תחזקו תחזקנה נחזק יעמד תעמדי אעמד יעמדו תעמדנה תעמדו תעמדנה נעמד Strong יקטל תקטלי אקטל יקטלו תקטלנה תקטלו תקטלנה נקטל

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs Strong ] [Type 2 א I- ]* [Type 1 א I- יקטל תקטלי אקטל יקטלו תקטלנה תקטלו תקטלנה נקטל יאמר תאמרי אמר יאמרו תאמרנה תאמרו תאמרנה נאמר יאסר תאסרי אאסר יאסרו תאסרנה תאסרו תאסרנה נאסר 3 ms Verbs א 2. 5 I- Type 1: inflect like I-Guttural verbs q Shift to a-type ) vowels (2 fs, 3 mp, 2 mp 1 cs א Type 2: quiescent q Unusual 1 cs 3 fs 2 ms 2 fs 3 mp 3 fp 2 mp 2 fp 1 cp

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2. 6 Geminate Verbs Type 1: mostly holem stem vowel but also alternate form – Qamets or hireq on preformative 3 ms 3 fs 2 ms 2 fs 1 cs Type 2: Pathach stem, tsere preformative q Only one geminate consonant remains – Daghesh Forte on geminate consonant in 2 fs, 3 mp, 3 fp, 2 fp 3 mp 3 fp 2 mp 2 fp 1 cp Type 1* Type 1 [alternate] Type 2 יסב תסב תסבי אסב יסבו תסבינה תסבו תסבינה נסב יתם תתם תתמי אתם יתמו תתמינה תתמו תתמינה נתם

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2. 7 Biconsonantal Verbs q Composed of two, rather than three root consonants קם q - he rose up Often classified as II- י / ו verbs Class Shureq Hireq yod Holem waw q Qal pf. 3 ms קם ש ם בא He arose Qal impf. 3 ms He placed יקום ישים He entered יבוא He’ll arise Lexical form To arise He’ll place קום שים To place He’ll enter בוא To enter Listed in inf. cstr. in lexicons and vocabulary

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs Qamets is the 3 ms preformative vowel in all except 3 fp, 2 fp 3 fs q Stem vowel same 2 ms as its sub-class q 2 fs Alternate forms & mixing – stem vowel sometimes written defectively ישום – ישים יקם – יקום q 1 cs 3 mp 3 fp 2 mp 2 fp 1 cp ו Class יקום תקום תקומי אקום יקומו תקומינה תקומו תקומינה נקום י Class ישים תשים תשימי א שים ישימו תשימנה תשימו תשימנה נשים ו Class יבוא תבואי אבוא יבואו תבואנה תבואו תבואנה נבוא

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs Type 1* 2. 8 I- י Verbs 3 ms Type 1: initial 3 fs consonant dropped; preformative tsere; also 2 ms generally stem vowel 2 fs Type 2: initial yod becomes vowel letter 1 cs q הלך inflects like 3 mp Type 1 verbs 3 fp 2 mp 2 fp 1 cp ישב תשבי א שב ישבו תשבנה תשבו תשבנה נשב הלך ילך תלך תלכי אלך ילכו תלכנה תלכו תלכנה נלך Type 2 יירש תירש א ירש יירשו תירשנה תירשו תירשנה נירש

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2. 9 I- נ Verbs q Two types of I- נ verbs q Type 1 – holem stem vowel ( ) יפל q Type 2 – Pathach stem vowel ( ) יסע q Doubly weak paradigm (I- נ and II-Guttural) q Recognition, not memorization, is the key

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 2. 10 Doubly Weak Verbs q More than one weak consonant q to go or come out both I- י and III- א q Features of both weak categories q A number of common doubly weak verbs – e. g. יצא q No need to memorize q Identify weak features (see esp. slide no: 16)

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 3. 1 Reconstructing Verbal Roots q Some weak verbs lose one or more of the original root consonants q נתן (to give), ( יתן he will give) Loss of the first root consonant makes identification challenging How do you identify the original root? q q Know your options – limited amount of options q Four major weak verb classes drop a consonant q q I- י , I- נ , III- ה and Geminate Three options q q q “Manual” – based on knowledge of the grammar Analytical lexicons Computer based Bible software

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs q Manual option – diagnostic clues: q E. g. ישב שבב ), - is this Biconsonantal ( שב ) שוב , geminate ( III- ) שבה ( ה , I- ) ישב ( י , or I- ? ) נשב ( נ or 1) Many I- י verbs… q q Drop the initial Yod – e. g. ( ישב sit, dwell) ( ישב he’ll sit/dwell) Tsere preformative vowel as key to identification – it’s the diagnostic feature of the I- י imperfect conjugation 2) I- נ verbs (and q ) לקח often feature assimilation + Daghesh Forte First root consonant ( )נ assimilate into the second root consonant – results in Daghesh Forte in the second root consonant q q ( נפל to fall) is ( יפל he will fall). Daghesh Forte alerts that this is a I- נ weak verbal root E. g. Impf. 3 ms for of

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 3) With III- ה weak roots, the loss of final ה every time q In forms w/o impf. sufformative (3 ms, 3 fs, 2 ms, 1 cs. , 1 cp. ) a final ה vowel is present ( ) יבנה. q In forms that have the sufformative (2 fs, 3 mp, 3 fp, 2 mp, 2 fp), the final ה is absent: ( בנה to build) q יבנו (they’ll build). Use process of elimination to determine the root: q No Daghesh forte in the ב - it is not I- נ q The preformative vowel is not Tsere – it is not I- י q It could be Geminate but Geminate usually have Qamets or Tsere as preformative vowel Only option is III- ה

Qal Imperfect – Weak verbs 4) With Geminate verbs – only one geminate consonant remains q Impf. 3 ms of ( סבב to surround) is ( יסב he will surround) – only one ב q Some geminates have Daghesh Forte in the remaining geminate consonant Diagnostic key – when present q Without Daghesh Forte – use process of elimination q q See III- ה verb category (previous slide) Additional keys to identification Know vocabulary well q Try (not guess!) various alternatives q q Alternatively – q Use analytical lexicon q Use computer program with an analytical parsing key

Qal Perfect – Weak verbs q Practice q q Workbook no: 1 -3 pp. 95, 101, 107, 111, 115, 119 Homework q Workbook: “Bible Translation” q q q p. 97, no: 1; p. 103, no: 1; p. 109, no: 3; p. 113, no: 2; p. 116, no: 2; p. 121, no: 2 Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e. g. words on vocabulary & workbook Quizz I on vocabulary (16. 24, p. 191)