LAN 404 BEGINNING HEBREW I Class VII Pronouns

LAN 404 BEGINNING HEBREW I Class VII: Pronouns Dr. Esa Autero

Pronouns 1. 1 Introduction q A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun q Antecedent is the word(s) which the noun refers back to Moses was 120 years old when he died q Moses = antecedent – “he” is the pronoun that refers back to “Moses” q q Different types of pronouns Personal, demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns q Personal: I, you, he, she, we … q Demonstrative: this, that, these, those … q Relative: whose, that, which, who … q Interrogative: What? Who? How? … Hebrew pronouns function in a similar way as English pronouns q

Pronouns 2. 1 Independent personal pronouns q “Independent” – stand alone, not attached to any other word q 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd person singular (Sg. ) or plural (Pl. ) Person and Number – in English Sg. 1 I Sg. 2 You Sg. 3 He/she/it Pl. 1 Pl. 2 Pl. 3 We You They

Pronouns q Independent personal pronoun paradigm Paradigm in Hebrew Singular 1 com. 2 masc. 2 fem. 3. masc. 3. fem. אנכי , אני אתה את הוא , היא Plural I You He/it She/it אנחנו אתם אתן , אתנה המה , הם הנה , הן We You They

Pronouns q Use of the independent personal pronoun – memorize words q Independent pronouns in a noun sentence (predicative relationship) q Personal pronoun may precede or follow the noun or adjective אני יהוה הוא נביא צדיק אתה מלך טוב אחים אנחנו היא א שה חכמה אתם בעיר הגדולה I am the LORD He is a righteous prophet You (sg. 2. masc. ) are a good king We are brothers She is a wise woman You (pl. 2 masc. ) are in the great city

Pronouns 2. 2 Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives q English demonstrative pronouns q “this”, “these”, “that”, and “those” – used as an adjective or pronoun Adjectival usage: this man, that woman, these socks q Pronominal usage: that is the man, these are the socks Increases the word’s specificity beyond the definite article q A man the man that man Hebrew demonstratives function like English equivalents

Pronouns q Demonstrative paradigm Commom plural; modifies masculine or feminine nouns Singular Masculine Feminine q זה זאת הוא היא This That Plural אלה המה , הם הנה , הן These Those NOTE: sg. 3 masc. and fem. demonstratives identical to personal pronouns Variant forms זה זאת אלה הלז , הלזה זה , זו , הלזו אל

Pronouns q Some ambiguities – sg. 3 or demonstrative? Personal pronoun or demonstrative pronoun? הוא הא יש He is the man (personal pronoun) OR That is the man (demonstrative) היא הא שה She is the woman (personal pronoun) O R That is the woman (demonstrative)

Pronouns q The use of demonstrative pronouns q Demonstratives used as adjectives or pronouns 1) Demonstrative Adjectives – follows noun: agrees w/ gender, number, definit. הא יש הזה הא שה הזאת הא יש ההוא הא שה ההיא הא נשים האלה הנהים האלה הא נשים ההם הנשים ההנה This man This woman That woman These men These women Those women Demonstrative follows the noun & agrees w/ it

Pronouns q Demonstrative pronoun and adjective – examples הא יש הטוב הזה הא שה הטובה הזאת הא יש הטוב ההוא הא שה הטובה ההיא הא נשים הטובים האלה הנשים הטובות האלה This good man This good woman That good woman These good men These good women Those good men Attributive adjective is placed b/w noun & demonstrative adj. It agrees in gender, number & definiteness

Pronouns 2) Demonstrative pronouns q When demonstrative functions as a pronoun, it precedes the noun q Agrees in gender and number (masc. /fem. & sg. /pl. ) – not in definiteness זה הא יש זאת הא שה הוא הא יש היא הא שה אלה הא נשים אלה הנהים הם הא נשים הנה הנשים This is the man This is the woman That is the woman These are the men These are the women Those are the women

Pronouns 2. 3 Relative pronoun q English “who”, “whom”, “whose”, “that”, “which” Introduces a relative clause (relative pronoun + clause) q Blessed in the person who studies Hebrew “who studies Hebrew” = relative clause that modifies the noun “person” q Hebrew relative pronoun: q א שר That, which Who, whom Does not change form or inflect כא שר When, as

Pronouns q q May appear w/ or without Maqqef Follows immediately the noun it modifies העצ א שר בתוך־הגן The tree that (is) in the middle of the garden ההרים א שר־תחת ה שמים המלך א שר בחרתם דוד א שר בבית יהוה The mountains that (are) under the heavens The king whom you chose David, who (is) in the house of the LORD

Pronouns 2. 4 The interrogative pronouns – for asking questions מי [ מה , מה ]מה q q May appear w/ or without Maqqef Form does not change q Vowel changes only in מה Who, whom? What?

Pronouns q Interrogative pronoun – examples מה־שמו מה־ע שית מה החלום הזה מי אתה מי־הא יש הזה מי הא נשים האלה what (is) his name? What have you done? What (is) this dream? Who (are) you? Who (is) this man? Who (are) these men?

Pronouns q Interrogative particle ה q Alternative to interrogative pronoun – ה q Prefixed to a word (Hebrew does not have questions marks etc. ) The king sent the prophet שלח המלך את־הנביא Did the king send the prophet? השלח המלך q The spelling of the ה changes in the following manner: את־הנביא q Prefixed to most consonants – ה q Prefixed to gutturals or any consonant with silent Shewa – ה q Prefixed to guttural followed by Qamets – ה

Pronouns q It is possible to confuse interrogative particle w/ definite article q To avoid confusion remember the following: q Interrogative particle does not normally have Daghesh Forte q Interrogative often prefixed to a verb or another particle q The Hateph Pathach ( )ה of the interrogative particle not found in definite article

Pronouns q Practice q Workbook p. 35, no: 1 -5 q q p. 36, no: 1 -5 Homework q q q Workbook p. 37 -38, no: 1 -10 “Bible Translation” Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e. g. words on vocabulary & workbook Vocabulary quiz (Ch. 8) on words pp. 77 -78 (8. 12) + personal & demonstrative pronouns (p. 76 -77)