Lambda Functions Map Reduce and List Comprehensions Special

Lambda Functions, Map. Reduce and List Comprehensions Special thanks to Scott Shawcroft, Ryan Tucker, and Paul Beck for their work on these slides. Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under: http: //creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3. 0

Lambda • • Sometimes you need a simply arithmetic function Its silly to write a method for it, but redundant not too With lambda we can create quick simple functions Facts – Lambda functions can only be comprised of a single expression – No loops, no calling other methods – Lambda functions can take any number of variables Syntax: lambda param 1, …, paramn : expression 2

Lambda Syntax 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 #Example 1 square_func = lambda x : x**2 square_func(4) #return: 16 #Example 2 close_enough = lambda x, y : abs(x – y) < 3 close_enough(2, 4) #return: True #Example 3 def get_func(n) : return lambda x : x * n + x % n my_func = get_func(13) my_func(4) #return: 56 3

Map map(function, iterable, . . . ) • Map applies function to each element of iterable and creates a list of the results • You can optionally provide more iterables as parameters to map and it will place tuples in the result list • Map returns an iterator which can be cast to list 4

Map Examples 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 nums = [0, 4, 7, 2, 1, 0 , 9 , 3, 5, 6, 8, 0, 3] nums = list(map(lambda x : x % 5, nums)) print(nums) #[0, 4, 2, 2, 1, 0, 4, 3, 0, 1, 3, 0, 3] def even (x): if (x % 2 == 0): return "even" else: return "odd" list (map(even, nums)) #['even', 'odd', 'odd', 'even', 'odd'] 5

Functions as Parameters Functions can be assigned to variables and/or passed as parameters 1 >>> list = ['once', 'upon', 'a', 'time', 'in', 'a'] 2 3 >>> def foo (x): 4 return x * 3 5 6 >>> bar = foo 7 >>> my_map (foo, list) >>> ['onceonce', 'uponupon', 'aaa', 'timetime', 'ininin', 'aaa'] >>> my_map (bar, list) >>> ['onceonce', 'uponupon', 'aaa', 'timetime', 'ininin', 'aaa'] 6

Map Code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 >>> def my_map (fun, list): . . . nlist = []. . . for item in list: . . . nlist. append(fun(item)). . . return nlist 7

Reduce reduce(function, iterable[, initializer]) • Reduce will apply function to each element in iterable and create a cumulative sum of the results • function must take two parameters • If initializer is provided, initializer will stand as the first argument in the sum • Unfortunately in python 3 reduce() requires an import statement from functools import reduce 8

Reduce Examples 1 2 3 nums = [9, 2, 0, -4, 0, 0, 7, 5, 3, 8] 4 5 reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, nums) 6 # 30 7 foo = ['once', 'upon', 'a', 'time', 'in', 'a', 'far', 'away'] reduce(lambda x, y : x + y, foo) # 'onceuponatimeinafaraway' 9

Reduce Examples 1 2 numlists = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9]] 3 4 reduce(lambda a, b: a + b, numlists, []) 5 6 # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] 7 nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] nums = list(reduce(lambda x, y : (x, y), nums)) print(nums) #(((((((1, 2), 3), 4), 5), 6), 7), 8) 10

Reduce Problem Goal: given a list of numbers I want to find the average of those numbers in as few lines as possible using reduce() For Loop Method: - sum up every element of the list - divide the sum by the length of the list 11

Reduce Problem Solution 1 nums = [92, 27, 63, 43, 88, 8, 38, 91, 47, 74, 18, 16, 2 29, 21, 60, 27, 62, 59, 86, 56] 3 4 sum = reduce(lambda x, y : x + y, nums) / len(nums) 12

Map. Reduce Framework for processing huge datasets on certain kinds of distributable problems Map Step: - master node takes the input, chops it up into smaller sub-problems, and distributes those to worker nodes. - worker node may chop its work into yet small pieces and redistribute again 13

Map. Reduce Step: - master node then takes the answers to all the sub -problems and combines them to get the output 14

Map and Reduce Problem: Given an email how do you tell if it is spam? - Count occurrences of certain words. If they occur too frequently the email is spam. 15

Map. Reduce 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 email = ['the', 'cat', 'money', 'the', 'money'] >>> def in. Email (x): if (x == "the"): return 1; else: return 0; >>> map (in. Email, l) [1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0] >>> reduce ((lambda x, xs: x + xs), map(in. Email, email)) 3 16

List Comprehensions [expression for element in list] • Applies the expression to each element in the list • You can have 0 or more for or if statements • If the expression evaluates to a tuple it must be in parenthesis 17

List Comprehensions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 >>> vec = [2, 4, 6] >>> [3*x for x in vec] [6, 12, 18] >>> [3*x for x in vec if x > 3] [12, 18] >>> [3*x for x in vec if x < 2] [] >>> [[x, x**2] for x in vec] [[2, 4], [4, 16], [6, 36]] >>> [x, x**2 for x in vec] # error - parens required for tuples 18

List Comprehensions You can do most things that you can do with map, filter and reduce more nicely with list comprehensions The email spam program from earlier using list comprehensions: 1 2 >>> email = ['once', 'money', 'a', 'time', 'in', 3 'money', 'far', 'away'] 4 5 >>> len( [1 for x in email if x == 'money'] ) 6 >>> 2 19