Lakes and Ponds http www bing comvideossearch qlakesandpondsFORMHDRSC

Lakes and Ponds • http: //www. bing. com/videos/search? q=lakes+and+ponds&FORM=HDRSC 3#view=detail&mid=A 8 C 9 DDEE 0081 2602 AEE 4 A 8 C 9 DDEE 00812602 AEE 4

Streams and Rivers • http: //www. bing. com/videos/search? q=rivers%20 and%20 streams&qs=n&form =QBVR&pq=rivers%20 and%20 streams&sc=8 -1&sp=1&sk=#view=detail&mid=DB 5802 DC 0165 C 83 CC 7 CE

Inland Wetlands • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v= v. Aem. FXNRWc. Q • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v= 5 jh. Aa. HG 0 YDs

Estuaries • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v= XLum. SN 4 G 5 P 4

Coastal Oceans • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v= e. Iul 2 Obv. KV 8

Open Ocean http: //www. bing. com/videos/search? q=let%27 s+name+the+zones+of+the+open+sea+song&FORM=HDRSC 3#view=detail&mid=7 B 1 CF 5 24546 FAD 8029 B 47 B 1 CF 524546 FAD 8029 B 4

What are the current fishing practices? 7

Fish farming in cage Trawl flap Trawler fishing Spotter airplane Sonar Purse-seine fishing Trawl lines Fish school Trawl bag Long line fishing Drift-net fishing Float Buoy Lines with hooks Deep sea aquaculture cage Fish caught by gills Fig. 12 -A, p. 255

Purse Seines

Fish farming in cage Trawl flap Trawler fishing Spotter airplane Sonar Purse-seine fishing Trawl lines Fish school Trawl bag Long line fishing Drift-net fishing Float Buoy Lines with hooks Deep sea aquaculture cage Fish caught by gills Fig. 12 -A, p. 255

What impacts do these have on ocean life? • Area of ocean before and after a trawler net, acting like a giant plow, scraped it. Figure 12 -2

What are the current problems in our oceans? • The major decline in the worldwide catch of fish since 1990 is because of over-fishing. • By-catch- fish or animals that were not meant to be caught. • Pollution in the 5 major gyres ( Trash patches) • Whaling

Overfishing and Extinction: Gone Fishing, Fish Gone • About 75% of the world’s commercially valuable marine fish species are over fished or fished near their sustainable limits. – Big fish are becoming scarce. – Smaller fish are next. – We throw away 40% of the fish we catch. – We needlessly kill sea mammals and birds.

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BYCATCH • Overfishing and BYCATCH • Sea Turtles 20

Whaling • IWC: International Whaling Commission – Set up in 1946 – 1986 Zero whale catch was introduced (except for subsistence fishermen which have limited numbers) • JAPAN Whaling : RESEARCH – “North Pacific (2) - JARPN II (2000 and ongoing) It included sub-projects on: 1) feeding ecology (including prey consumption and preferences of cetaceans and ecosystem modeling); 2) stock structure; 3) environmental effects on cetaceans and the marine ecosystem http: //www. bbc. com/news/world-asia-17312460 http: //www. takepart. com/article/2013/03/01/japan-retreats-whale-hunt • WHALE WARS 21

Sustainable Fishing Practices

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How do we do this… • Market Place – Read labels • Economic Incentives – – – TEDs Round hooks No more subsidies Optimum sustainable yield Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ’s) – – IWC Japan Whaling Research Exclusive Economic Zones vs. high seas Marine Protected Areas (MPA’s) • Regulatory Approaches

Aquacultures aka Blue Revolution Advantages • Possibly support 50% of world’s seafood need. • Low fuel cost • High yield in low volume of water • Reduces overharvesting Disadvantages • Large waste output • Destroy habitats • Uses grain to feed some species • Dense populations susceptible to disease. • Escapes threatens wild fish populations (Disease, competition and interbreeding)

• Aquaculture: http: //www. nmfs. noaa. gov/aquaculture /library/aq_video_gallery. html • Sustainable fishing in the Coral Triangle: http: //wwf. panda. org/what_w e_do/how_we_work/conservation/mari ne/sustainable_fishing/ • TED’s: http: //video. nationalgeographic. c om/video/environment/threats-toanimals-environment/turtle-excluder/