Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight Loss A First Review Benjamin

Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight Loss: A First Review Benjamin T Solomon i. SETI LLC PO Box 831 Evergreen, CO 80437, USA http: //www. i. SETI. us/ May 07 2006 International Space Developement Conference 2006 1

Objective of the Presentation Objective: To seriously investigate Laithwaite’s claims of “mass transfer”: 1. As this potentially has a bearing on the work of researchers, such as Podkletnov & Nieminen (1992), Hayasaka & Takeuchi (1989), Luo, Nie, Zhang, & Zhou (2002). 2. To present a potential avenue for gravity modification research, based on the relativistic effects. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 2

Agenda 1. Some Theoretical Considerations 2. Deconstructing the Laithwaite & NASA Experiments 3. What did Laithwaite Demonstrate? 4. The Solomon-Laithwaite Experiments May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 3

Some Theoretical Considerations Section Objective: To present a case for time dilation as the primary cause of motion, and therefore, of the gravitational field. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 4

Time Dilation Time slows down as the velocity of an object increases. That is the “distance” between clock ticks increases. Note that the effect is non-linear, and noticeable at “normal” velocities. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 5

Time Dilation Time slows down as one approaches the center of a gravitational source. Or the “space” between clock ticks increases as one approaches the source of a gravitational field. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 6

Time Dilation The time dilation behavior of a gravitational field is such that the escape velocity is strictly governed by the Lorentz-Fitz. Gerald transformation equation for time dilation. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon Ve = c. √ ( 1 – (1 / te )2 ) Ve = escape velocity at a given altitude te = time dilation at the same altitude. c = velocity of light, 299, 792, 458 m/s International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 7

Time Dilation The hypothesis of “An Epiphany on Gravity” 1, was that time dilation causes gravity, not the other way around, as with modern physics. Source: Ben Solomon, “A New Approach to Gravity & Space Propulsion Systems”, International Space Development Conference 2005, May 25, San Jose, California. (http: //www. iseti. us/) 1 Ben Solomon, “An Epiphany on Gravity”, Journal of Theorectics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3 -6. (http: //www. iseti. us/) May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 8

Hunt for the Window: Gravity versus Centripetal Force Field You have to find the window where physics behaves “differently”. Bob Schlitters May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 9

Principle of Equivalence The Principle of Equivalence (Schutz 2003) states that if gravity were everywhere uniform we could not distinguish it from acceleration. That is a point observer within a gravitational field would not be able to distinguish between a gravitational field and acceleration. Taking this to the limit, we will assume that any relationship with respect to the Lorentz-Fitz. Gerald transformation and gravitational fields are interchangeable. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 10

Key to Analysis The key to theoretical analysis is to compare the gravitational field and the centripetal force field in their entirety, and not as a point observer in the field. Tangential Further, we will use the nomenclature ‘tangential’, and ‘radial’ to represent the orthogonal relationships of orbital and freefall motion respectively. Radial We will compare gravitational with centripetal, tangential, and radial motions respectively. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 11

Time Dilation Formulae Tangential time dilation, tt, at a distance, R, from the center of a gravitational field is given by tt = 1 / √( 1 -GM/(R. c 2) ) Tangential time dilation , tt, at a distance, r, from the center of a plate spinning at ω revolutions per second, is given by tt May 07 2006 Ben Solomon = √( 1 – ω2. r 2 / c 2 ) International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 12

Tangential Time Dilation as f(Radial Distance) Centripetal Force Field Gravitational Field Computational Fault Line Gradient is POSITIVE Gradient is NEGATIVE If gyroscopic spin is to produce gravity modifications, of the type that results in some amount of weightlessness, the gyroscopic spin has to result in a parameter value that is opposite to gravity’s. Gradient is a good candidate. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 13

1 st Part of the Window: The magnitude and direction of the time dilation vector created by gravitational or centripetal fields are indicators of the type of force field. Increasing Time Dilation ≡ Increasing Force May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 14

Gradient & Curvature Formulae: Gravity Tangential gradient, dtt/d. R , and curvature, Ct, at a distance, R, from the center of a gravitational field is given by dtt/d. R = - (GM/2 c 2)/R 2 Ct = [(Kt/R 3). ((1 - Kt/R)-3/2) + (3 Kt 2/4 R 4). ((1 - Kt/R)-5/2)]/[1 + (Kt 2/4 R 4)/(1 - Kt/R)3]3/2 ≈ d 2 tt/d. R 2 ≈ (GM/c 2)/ R 3 = GM/c 2 where Kt May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 15

Gradient & Curvature Formulae: Centripetal Force Gradient, dtt/d. R , and curvature, Ct, at a distance, r, from the center of a plate spinning at ω revolutions per second, is given by dtt/dr = (kr r). (1 - kr r 2)-3/2 Ct = [kt. (1 - ktr 2)-3/2 + (3. kt 2. r 2). (1 - ktr 2)-5/2] / [1 + {(krr). (1 – kr. r 2)-3/2)}2]3/2 ≈ d 2 tt/dr 2 ≈ kt. + 3. kt 2. r 2 = ω2 / c 2 where kt May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 16

Tangential Gradient & Curvature as f(Radial Distance) Centripetal Force Field Gravitational Field 1. Curvature is POSITIVE 2. Change in Curvature ≠ constant 3. Gradient is POSITIVE 3. Gradient is NEGATIVE 4. Change in Gradient = constant 4. Change in Gradient ≠ constant If correct, gravitational effects are due to gradient, and not curvature. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 17

2 nd Part of the Window: The force created by gravitational or centripetal fields are a function of the gradient of the time dilation vector. Positive gradient = repulsion Negative gradient = attraction May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 18

Gravitation versus Centripetal Force Field 1. Gravity’s time dilation field is funnel shaped. 1. Centripetal force’s time dilation field is conic. 2. There isn’t any radial time dilation. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 19

Gravitational Field For a Gravitational Field the relationship between tangential and radial time dilation is given by, 1/tt 2 – 1/2 tr 2 = 1/2 Radial Time Dilation Tangential Time Dilation May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 20

Rotation & Spin Field For a Gyroscopic Centripetal Field the relationship between tangential and radial time dilation is, (1/tt 2). (1/ω2) - (1/tr 2). (1/2ωl 2) = (1/ω2) - (1/2ωl 2) Tangential Time Dilation When Rotation exceeds a threshold value, the “flat”, tangential only, time dilation field pops and centripetal forces facilitate a radial time dilation field. The figures depict field strength values, not physical shape. With Rotation No Rotation May 07 2006 Ben Solomon Radial Time Dilation International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 21

Deconstructing the Laithwaite & NASA Experiments Section Objective: To deconstruct both Laithwaite’s and NASA’s experiments in a manner as to, 1. Ask the most possible questions. 2. Present theoretical validation or rebuttal of the observed effects. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 22

Prof Eric Laithwaite – A Short Biography -Prof. Eric Laithwaite (1921 - 1997) -The inventor of the linear motor -The inventor of the maglev technology used in Japanese and German high speed trains. -Emeritus Professor of Heavy Electrical Engineering at Imperial College, London, UK -Presented some anomalous gyroscopic behavior for the Faraday lectures at the Royal Institution, in 1973. -Included in this lecture-demonstration was a big motorcycle wheel weighing 50 lb. -He spun and raised effortlessly above his head with one hand, claiming it had lost weight and so contravened Newton's third law. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 23

Excerpts for BBC Video ‘Heretic’ Video courtesy of Gyroscopes. org, http: //www. gyroscopes. org/ May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 24

Laithwaite – Inferred Big Wheel Weight Laithwaite Demonstration: Prof. Eric Laithwaite’s carries a 50 lb wheel with both hands. My Duplication: 1. I was comfortable with a 40 lb weight. 2. I could just barely carry a 60 lb weight. My Conclusion: The total weight of the wheel was some where between 40 and 60 lbs. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 25

Laithwaite – Inferred Gyroscopic Big Wheel Weight Laithwaite Demonstration: Note that, Prof. Eric Laithwaite’s wrist is apparently carrying the full 50 lb wheel, on a horizontal rod. At this point the rod is moving horizontally. My Duplication: Using a 3 foot pole weighing 2. 5 lb: 1. I could just barely carry a 3 lb weight at its end. 2. I could not lift a 7 lb weight with my wrist alone. My Conclusion: 1. The total effective weight of the wheel and rod could not have been much greater than 5. 5 lb. 2. A rotation of about 6 -7 rpm is insufficient to keep the wheel lifted by centripetal force (requires at least 80 rpm). May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 26

If Weight Exists, Suggests (1) Is the wrist capable of a moment of ? 50 lb x 32 ft/s 2 x 3 ft = 3, 072 lbft 2/s 2 23 kg x 9. 8 m/s 2 x 1 m = 225 Nm Conclusion: Gyroscopic forces do not allow a substantial amount of the weight to be felt at the wrist (? ) Weight is 50 lb (23 kg) May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 27

If Total System Weight is Conserved, Suggests (2) Is the wrist capable of ? 50 lb (23 kg) weight Conclusion: back hand motion How does total system weight include gyroscope weight if it is not felt at the wrist? Also, consider that Laithwaite is doing a “back hand” with 50 lbs. Weight is 50 lb (23 kg) May 07 2006 Ben Solomon Is Total System Weight is 50 lb (23 kg) + Laithwaite’s weight ? International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 28

Laithwaite – Big Wheel Properties Laithwaite Demonstration: Note that, the wheel design, is not solid but it has a substantial mass in the non-rim rotating plane. Also, note that the transparency (bottom picture) suggest a rotation greater than 3, 000 rpm. My Conclusion: I estimate that the non-rim rotating plane mass is about 20% to 30% of the mass of the whole wheel or about 10 to 17 lbs. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 29

NASA Experiment* NASA Experiment: 1. Used a bicycle wheel 6 – 10 inches in diameter. 2. Rotation was achieved by hand. Inferred NASA Experiment Parameters: 1. Wheel diameter about 8 inches (20 cm). 2. Rotation about 60 rpm. 3. Wheel properties: 1. Hollow plane of rotation. Picture courtesy of How Stuff Works, http: //science. howstuffworks. com/gyroscope 1. htm 2. Mass essentially at rim. 3. Estimated non-rim rotating plane mass is less than 2%, of the wheel. * Conservation with Marc Millis of NASA Glen on 06/22/2005 May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 30

Demonstration of Gyroscopes http: //science. howstuffworks. com/gyroscope 1. htm Comments: This video is an example of the experiment NASA conducted. Note that the period of precession is about 14 s or equivalent to 4. 3 rpm. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 31

Analysis of How-Stuff-Works Video Estimated Parameters How Stuff Works Video Deconstruction Lever Arm Length, l 0. 020 m Wheel Radius, r 0. 660 m 26 Wheel Spin, w 5. 000 Hz 300 Gravitational Acceleration, g 9. 810 m/s 2 Mass of Wheel, m 2. 273 kg Moment of Inertia of Wheel, I 0. 991 Angular Momentum, L 4. 956 Theoretical Results Precession Frequency, wp 0. 090 Hz Observed Results s Duration of 1/2 cycle 7 Precession Frequency, wp 0. 071 Hz inches rpm 5 5. 40 lb rpm 4. 29 rpm My Conclusion: Theoretical results match observed results quite well. The mathematical relationships for precession, are correct. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 32

Comparisons Between Laithwaite & NASA Experiments Inferences: 1. There are substantial differences between Prof. Laithwaite’s demonstration and NASA’s experiment. 2. The theoretical results differ significantly from observed values. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 33

Estimation Error Sensitivity Not Significant Theoretical Sensitivity Ranges: 1. 1. 5 m ≤ Lever Arm Length ≤ 2. 5 m 2. 0. 26 m ≤ Gyro Radius ≤ 0. 34 m 167 rpm ≤ ωprecession ≤ 580 rpm 3. 4, 500 rpm ≤ Gyro Spin ≤ 5, 500 rpm Big Wheel ωprecession ≈ 7 rpm Rotating Precession Frequency (Hz) z H 8 6. ≤ 9 n ≤ Hz 2. 78 io ess rec ωp 1. 6 0. 0 1. 2 0. 8 0. 4 5500 RPM May 07 2006 Ben Solomon 500 0. 0 International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review to us adi R isc D Arm pin f S ever o L tio Ra ating t Ro 34

Estimation Error Inference One concludes that: the phenomenon Laithwaite was demonstrating was not gyroscopic precession, because the practical results do not match theoretical results by two orders of magnitude. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 35

The Key Questions: What is the Total System Weight? When? Precession Spin Torque = Gravity Can we, in a scientifically robust manner, answer two questions: What is the Net Weight of the Gyroscope? And When? May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 36

What did Laithwaite demonstrate? Section Objective: To review what Laithwaite had presented. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 37

Different Phenomena Hypothesis: Laithwaite demonstrated 2 different phenomena, weight loss and directional motion. 1. Big Wheel Demonstration: The Laithwaite Effect 2. Under one set of conditions a spinning disc will lose weight, independently of its orientation with the Earth’s gravitational field. 2. Small Wheel Demonstration: The Jones Effect 1 3. Under another set of conditions spinning discs will provide directional motion that is dependent upon the gyroscopic orientation of the device. 1. Alex Jones was the first to demonstrate this effect. Source: BBC’s ‘Heretic”. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 38

Precession versus Rotation Is this big wheel PRECESSING or ROTATING? May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 39

Not Precession Spin Precession Torque = Gravity 1. The analysis of the Big Wheel demonstration, shows that precession due to gravity is perpendicular to the gravitational field. Weight loss requires the equivalent of a vertical upward force. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 40

Precession versus Rotation is also clockwise (from above) Precession is clockwise (from above) Spin Pivot ≈ Precession occurs when lever arm length is < wheel radius (? ) ≈ Rotation occurs when lever arm length is > wheel radius (? ) Torque = Gravity 1. I believe that there is a key difference in the demonstrated behavior. The natural frequency of the precessing Big Wheel should be 157 rpm, clockwise. However, Laithwaite is rotating the Big Wheel at about 7 rpm. The Big Wheel is rotating, not precessing. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 41

Gyroscopic Precession Forces Precession SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW Net Force Spin Net Force Pivot Point Net Force ≈ Precession occurs when net forces change direction across plane of rotation Pivot Point Precession Torque = Gravity 1. Precession causes the net forces acting on the wheel to be bidirectional with respect to the pivot. They change direction from towards the pivot to away from the pivot. Precessing net forces acting on the wheel change sign/direction. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 42

Centripetal Forces Rotation SIDE VIEW TOP VIEW Net Force Spin Net Force Pivot Point ≈ Rotation occurs when net forces are centripetal across plane of rotation Torque = Gravity Net Force Pivot Point 1. Rotation causes the net forces acting on the disc to be centripetal towards the pivot. Rotating net forces acting on the wheel are centripetal. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 43

The Four Laithwaite Rules: Rule 1: A rotating gyroscope does not exhibit lateral forces in the plane of rotation May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 44

The Four Laithwaite Rules: Rule 2: A rotating gyroscope does not exhibit centrifugal forces in the plane of rotation May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 45

The Four Laithwaite Rules: Rule 3: A rotating gyroscope will not exhibit angular momentum in the plane of rotation May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 46

The Four Laithwaite Rules: Rule 4: A rotating gyroscope will lose weight May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 47

Solomon-Laithwaite Experiments Section Objective: To present the experiments and results obtained to date. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 48

Experimental Set-Up Upper Stand Houses Bearings to Enable Free Rotational Movement Flywheel (55 lbs) Spin Ball Bearing Tube of Upper Stand Rotation Lower Stand (Steel Tube) Supports Upper Stand Torque = Gravity Weight Scale (up to 400 lbs) May 07 2006 Ben Solomon Massive Steel Table Steel Bars to Secure Lower Stand to Table Measures Total System Weight International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 49

Some Things to Note 1. The rotation is in the opposite sense of what precession allows. 2. Rotation is at most 10 rpm (revs) << than precession. 3. Weight measurement is of Total System Weight. 4. Weight of spinning flywheel is the same as stationary wheel when not rotating. 5. No nutation (wobble within a wobble) is allowed. 6. Weight loss not due to inertia. 7. Weight “crashes” back and exceeds when rotation slows down to zero. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 50

1 st Flywheel Test May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 51

1 st Demonstration of Weight Loss May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 52

2 nd Demonstration of Weight Loss May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 53

Static Measurement May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 54

Dynamic Measurements May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 55

Apparent Behavior: Total System Weight versus Rotation Weight 135 lb Collapsing Field ≡ Falling 110 lb havior Gain Be < 7 revs Increasing Field Strength W Spin > 1000 rpm >7 revs s B os L ht eig <7 revs May 07 2006 Ben Solomon ior av eh 56 lb 10 revs International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review Rotation 56

Conclusion 1. Able to reproduce Laithwaite’s results. 2. Gyroscopic precession not the cause of weight loss. 3. There are boundary conditions / threshold values, before weight loss is observed. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 57

Next Steps 1. Determine the boundary conditions / threshold values. 2. The theoretical formulation and relationships within the spin-rotate centripetal force field. 3. Determine whether the weight loss effect is a buoyancy or a propulsion effect. 4. Was the work of other researchers dependent upon gyroscopic field effects? 1. 2. May 07 2006 Ben Solomon How much of Podkletnov & Nieminen (1992) results (5, 000 rpm) are due to gyroscopic spin? Was Hayasaka & Takeuchi (1989, up to 13, 000 rpm) work on one side of boundary conditions while Luo, Nie, Zhang, & Zhou (2002) on the other side of these conditions, thus producing conflicting results? International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 58

Bibliography P. F. Browne (1977), Relativity of Rotation, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. , Vol. 10, N 0. 5, 1977 Gibilisco, Stan (1983), Understanding Einstein’s Theories of Relativity, Dover Publications, ISBN 0486 -26659 -1. H. Hayasaka and S. Takeuchi (1989), Anomalous Weight Reduction on a Gyroscope’s Right Rotations around the Vertical Axis on the Earth, Physical Review Letters, December 1989, Vol. 63, No 25, pages 2701 -2704. Kline, Morris (1977), Calculus, An Intuitive and Physical Approach, Dover Publications, ISBN 0 -486 -40453 -6. J. Luo, Y. X. Nie, Y. Z. Zhang, and Z. B. Zhou 1 (2002), Null result for violation of the equivalence principle with free-fall rotating gyroscopes, Phys. Rev. D 65, 042005 (2002). E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen (1992), A Possibility of Gravitational Force Shielding by Bulk YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 -V Superconductor, Physica C 203 (1992) pages 441 -444. Schutz, Bernard (2003), Gravity from the ground up, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0 -52145506 -5. Solomon, Ben (2001), An Epiphany on Gravity, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3 -6. (http: //www. iseti. us/). Nicholas Thomas (2002), Common Errors, NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project, August 9, 2002, http: //www. grc. nasa. gov/WWW/bpp/Comn. Err. html#GYROSCOPIC%20 ANTIGRAVITY May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 59

Acknowledgements National Space Society – forum/platform Rocky Mountain Mars Society Chapter – forum/platform and invaluable critique. Mike Darschewski, formerly of GMACCH Capital Corp – mathematics. Bob Schlitter, Timberline Iron Works, fabrication. Ray & Seth, A&E Cycle; Cliff, Legend Motorcycles; Mark, B&B Sportcycles; Risk, Steele’s Motorcycle; Doug, Doug’s Balancing – power transmission. Pat & Chad, Colorado Scale Center - weight scales. Mark, Joy Controls – measurement instruments. David Solomon - videographer May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 60

Contact Ben Solomon i. SETI LLC P. O. Box 831 Evergreen, CO 80437 Email: solomon@iseti. us Tel: 303 -949 -7930 May 07 2006 Ben Solomon International Space Developement Conference 2006 Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight: A First Review 61