Labs 4 and 5 The Skeletal System Expanded

Labs 4 and 5 The Skeletal System Expanded Studies

Some videos for your education and enjoyment: (click on title to link) “Them Not-So-Dry Bones” Human Body Explorer Strength, #2 Click on “Strength” and then select the 2 nd video

OBJECTIVES • Classify bones by shape • Identify the parts of the long bone • Describe the chemical composition of bones • Identify the microscopic components of compact bone • Identify the bones of the skeleton and their markings

Objective 1: Bone Classification

Long bones are longer than they are wide. Short bones are roughly cubical Sesamoid bones are a type of short bone that form in tendons Flat bones are thin, with parallel surfaces, and usually a little curved. Irregular bones do not fit into the other categories.

Identify each bone as LONG, SHORT, FLAT, IRREGULAR or SESAMOID carpals sternum Flat Short vertebra Irregular

Identify each bone as LONG, SHORT, FLAT, IRREGULAR or SESAMOID phalanges metacarpals parietal bone Flat Long patella Sesamoid

Identify each bone as LONG, SHORT, FLAT, IRREGULAR or SESAMOID rib Os coxae (pelvic bone) Irregular Flat humerus Long

Objective 3: Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

Overview from the textbook

Can you identify these? Diaphysis (shaft) Epiphysis Medullary Cavity

Spongy Bone Trabeculae filled with Red Marrow Compact Bone

Epiphyseal line

Periosteum Endosteum Compact Bone Medullary Cavity Yellow Marrow

Chicken Bone demo Medullary Cavity w/ marrow Articular cartilage Articulates with connecting bone Periosteum

Objective 4: What will happen to bone when baked? Chemical Composition of Bone What will happen to bone when soaked in acid?

Two Components of Bone Matrix Organic Ground Subtance (osteoid) - 1/3 of matrix • Collagen fibers • Soluble proteins Tensile strength (flexibility) Inorganic Material (hydroxyapatites) - 2/3 of matrix • Mineral salts • Calcium • Phosphorus Compressional strength (hardness)

In lab you will observe bone that has been cooked. Heat denatures proteins. What effect do you think this will have? In lab you will observe bone that has been treated with acid. Acid dissolves minerals. What effect do you think this will have?

Bones deformed by Rickets or Osteomalacia

Objective 5: Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone Central

Overview from the Textbook:

The structural unit of bone is called Osteon or Haversian System

Human bone is primarily arranged in a ringed pattern and is called Lamellar Bone Lamella Circumferential lamellae Concentric Lamellae Interstitial lamellae Remnants of previous osteons

The canals in compact bone through which blood vessels, nerve fibers and lymphatics pass are called Central (Haversian) & Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

Mature bone cells are called osteocytes They are embedded in spaces called lacuna Osteocyte Lacuna

Tiny canals connecting living cells of the osteon to the nutrient supply are called canaliculi Canaliculi

Putting it all together:

Can you identify these? Osteon Haversian (central) canals H H H Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

1)(Osteon) What are these circles structures called? 3) What are these partial rings of bone called? 2) What are Concentric these inner rings of bone lamallea called?

Canaliculi Lacunae (containing osteocytes)

Osteon concentric lamella Interstitial lamella

Lacuna (containing an osteocyte) Canaliculi

Objective 2: Bone Markings Bone markings are bumps, projections, openings and ridges on the surfaces of bones. They function as passageways for nerves and blood vessels, as points of muscle and ligament attachment, and as joint surfaces.

Projections that help form joints: Head: a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck Head of humerus Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface Costal facet

Projections that help form joints: Condyle: rounded articular projection Mandibular condyle Ramus: armlike projection of bone Mandibular ramus

Projections for muscle and ligament attachment Crest: a narrow prominent ridge of bone Median sacral crest Line: Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest Inferior nuchal line

Projections for muscle and ligament attachment Trochanter: very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process Greater Trochanter Tubercle: small, rounded projection or process Greater Tubercle Femur Humerus

Projections for muscle and ligament attachment Tuberosity: large, rounded projection which may be roughened Tibial tuberosity Epicondyle: raised area on or above a condyle Lateral epicondyle

Projections for muscle and ligament attachment Spine: sharp, slender, pointed projection Spine of scapula Process: prominence or projection Zygomatic process

Depressions and openings to allow passage of nerves and vessels Foramen: rounded or oval opening through a bone Foramen ovale Meatus: tunnel-like passageway Internal acoustic meatus

Depressions and openings Fissure: narrow, slitlike opening Superior orbital fissure Sinus: cavity within a bone filled with air Ethmoid sinus Ethmoid bone

Depressions and openings Groove: furrow Intertubercular groove Fossa: shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface Coronoid fossa

Objectives 6 & 7: Axial & Appendicular Skeleton

Objective 6: Axial Skeleton

Bony Thorax Not part of Axial skeleton 7 True Ribs (Vertebrosternal) Sternum: Manubrium 5 False Ribs Body (Gladiolus) (Vertebrocostal) Xiphoid Process The bottom 2 false ribs are Floating Ribs (Vertebral)

Jugular Notch One of the markings you need to know See Textbook for relation between sternum, vertebral column & heart

Vertebral Column Number of each vertebrae correspond to average meal times: 7 Cervical Vertebrae 12 Thoracic Vertebrae 5 Lumbar Vertebrae Not part of Axial skeleton Sacrum Coccyx Breakfast = 7 am Lunch = 12 pm Dinner = 5 pm

Cervical Vertebrae C 3 – C 7

Thoracic Vertebrae Superior articular process Body Transverse process Spinous process T 1 – T 12 Spinous process

Lumbar Vertebrae Transverse process Spinous process Body L 1 – L 5

Sacrum & Coccyx

Curvatures Cervical curvature Posterior perspective: Concave surface Thoracic curvature Curves inward Convex surface Lumbar curvature Sacral curvature Bulges outward

Hyoid Bone • Floating bone • Acts as movable base for tongue • Attachment point for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx (voice box) during swallowing and speech

Cool Fact For many years, scientists believed that Neanderthals' mouth and throat were designed in a way that prevented them from speaking like us. In 1983, scientists found a fully intact Neanderthal hyoid bone at the Kebara Cave in Israel. The bone that was found is virtually identical to that of modern humans, suggesting that the Neanderthals' throat was, in fact, designed for speech.

Skull

Bones of the Cranium Parietal Frontal Temporal Occipital Ethmoid Sphenoid Inner bones Sphenoid Frontal

Internal Cranial Bones Ethmoid Frontal Sphenoid Temporal Occipital Sphenoid – “Keystone of the cranium”

Sutures Coronal Suture Frontonasal Suture Sagittal Suture Parietal λ = lambda Squamos(al) Suture Lambdoid(al) Suture

Facial Bones Nasal Bones Lacrimal Bones Zygomatic Inferior Nasal Concha Vomer Maxilla Mandible Lacrimal Bones

Nasal septum Maxilla Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Palatine Bones Vomer Palatine Maxilla

Skull Markings some GLABELLA ZYGOMATIC PROCESS Zygomatic ALVEOLAR MARGIN MASTOID PROCESS STYLOID PROCESS

MANDIBULAR FOSSA Temporal Bone MANDIBULAR CONDYLE MANDIBULAR ANGLE CORONOID PROCESS

CRISTA GALLI PALATINE PROCESS ZYGOMATIC PROCESS HYPOPHYSEAL FOSSA Palatine SELLA TURCICA OCCIPITAL CONDYLE Occipital PETROUS REGION Pituitary Gland = Hypophysis SUPERIOR & INFERIOR NUCHAL LINES

Sphenoid Bone LESSER WINGS GREATER WINGS Sella Turcica PTEREGOID PROCESS

Ethmoid Bone Crista galli Ethmoid sinuses Perpendicular plate

Openings to allow passage of nerves and vessels OPTIC CANAL SUPRAORBITAL FORAMEN SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS

FORAMEN LACERUM CRIBRIFORM PLATE OPTIC CANAL FORAMEN ROTUNDUM FORAMEN OVALE FORAMEN SPINOSUM CAROTID CANAL FORAMEN MAGNUM INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS JUGULAR FORAMEN HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL

Superior vs Inferior Cranial Floor FORAMEN LACERUM FORAMEN OVALE CAROTID CANAL JUGULAR FORAMEN STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN

Cranial Nerves and Vessels Servicing the Brain In relation to the brain I I II VI IV III V V III IV XII V VIVII VIII IX X VII IX VIII X XI XII SC XI SC In relation to the skull

Internal Carotid Artery passes through the Carotid Canal Internal Jugular Vein passes through the Jugular Foramen CC Skull cut JF Internal Jugular V. Internal Carotid A.

Objective 7: Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral Girdle Bones & Some of the markings Clavicle Scapula

ACROMIAL END ACROMION PROCESS STERNAL END S T E R N U M GLENOID CAVITY

Posterior Scapula CORACOID PROCESS ACROMION PROCESS ? INFRASPINOUS FOSSA SPINE ? LATERAL BORDER

Upper Extremity Thumb Pinkie

Humerus GREATER TUBERCLE HEAD LESSER TUBERCLE DELTOID TUBEROSITY OLECRANON FOSSA CORONOID FOSSA CAPITULUM R U Anterior TROCHLEA U R Posterior

OLECRANON FOSSA OLECRANON PROCESS TROCHLEAR NOTCH CORONOID FOSSA CAPITULUM TROCHLEA HEAD CORONOID PROCESS

Radius & Ulna Humerus HEAD OLECRANON PROCESS TROCHLEAR NOTCH RADIAL TUBEROSITY CORONOID PROCESS Anterior STYLOID PROCESS Carpals Posterior

So (scaphoid) Long (lunate) To (triquetrum) Pinky (pisiform) Here (hamate) Comes (capitate) The (trapezoid) Thumb (trapezium) trapezium Anterior

Pelvic Girdle Not part of Appendicular Skeleton

Ossa Coxae (Coxal Bones) ILIAC CREST ALA GREATER SCIATIC NOTCH ILIAC FOSSA BODY ACETABULUM ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY Posterior OBTURATOR FORAMEN PUBIC CREST

Male vs Female Pelvis

Lower Extremity Femur Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Femur HEAD GREATER TROCHANTER NECK LESSER TROCHANTER LINEA ASPERA PATELLAR SURFACE MEDIAL EPICONDYLE MEDIAL CONDYLE Anterior Posterior

Tibia & Fibula MEDIAL CONDYLE Femur INTERCONDYLER EMINANCE TIBIAL TUBEROSITY HEAD “Fib-U-Lie” MEDIAL MALLEOLUS LATERAL MALLEOLUS

“talon” TALUS CALCANEUS Cancaneal region

Tarsal Bones

Is this bone a Right or Left? Posterior Anterior Spine L A T E R A L H U M E R U S M E D I A L Ribs H U M E R U S L A T E R A L

Which of these bones are Right or Left? SCAPULA OSSA COXAE M E D I A L Posterior

If I were to place a single bone in a sealed, nonsee-through bag, could you identify it by feel alone?

Happy Studying!