Laboratory Preparedness National Veterinary Services Laboratories Secretarys Advisory

Laboratory Preparedness – National Veterinary Services Laboratories Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Animal Health January 20, 2011 Beth Lautner, D. V. M. , M. S. Director, National Veterinary Services Laboratories Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Safeguarding Animal Health

NVSL Mission • To safeguard U. S. animal health and contribute to public health by ensuring that timely and accurate laboratory support* is provided by a nationwide animal health diagnostic system. Ø Reference and confirmatory laboratory for USDA FY 10 – > 62, 000 submissions and 500, 000 tests * Includes both domestic and foreign animal diseases Safeguarding Animal Health

NVSL Activities • Conduct diagnostic testing • Supply reference reagents to other laboratories • Provide training in diagnostic techniques and conduct proficiency testing of other laboratories • Coordinate the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) • Conduct developmental projects to improve diagnostic techniques and capabilities • Participate in World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Collaborating Centre for the Diagnosis of Animal Diseases and Vaccine Evaluation in the Americas – Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB), ISU • Serve as OIE reference laboratory Ø high pathogenicity avian influenza, anthrax, pseudorabies, bluetongue, contagious equine metritis, equine encephalomyelitis, equine infectious anemia, leptospirosis, Newcastle disease, vesicular stomatitis and West Nile encephalitis • Serve as Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reference center for vesicular diseases, classical swine fever, African swine fever Safeguarding Animal Health

NVSL Structure Director’s Office Administrative Management & Program Services Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory • Bacterial Identification • Mycobacteria & Brucella • Serology Pathobiology Laboratory National Animal Health Laboratory Network Diagnostic Virology Laboratory Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory • Chemistry & Analytical Services • Avian Viruses • Diagnostic Services • Bovine & Porcine Viruses • Reagent & Vaccine Services • Parasitology Team • Equine & Ovine Viruses • Proficiency and Validation Services Section • Pathology Technical Services Section • Pathology Section Safeguarding Animal Health

Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory • • • Brucellosis Bovine tuberculosis Johne’s disease Anthrax Salmonellosis Leptospirosis Contagious equine metritis Anaplasmosis Piroplasmosis Safeguarding Animal Health

Diagnostic Bacteriology • Tested over 30, 000 horses for piroplasmosis in relation to interstate movement, race horse surveillance, and FAD investigations • Approved 9 laboratories to do intra- or interstate movement testing for piroplasmosis • Offered proficiency test for B. equi and B. caballi • Peer Review of Serological Testing Safeguarding Animal Health

Diagnostic Bacteriology • Provided Proficiency test for Contagious Equine Metritis • New Salmonella enteritidis ruleout assay - quicker than complete serotyping. • In process of validating molecular serotyping for Salmonella Safeguarding Animal Health

Diagnostic Bacteriology • Provided laboratory support for the TB Program testing and depopulation activities in Colorado, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Ohio, and Texas (11 new herds identified in FY 2010) • Provided laboratory support for wildlife surveys in the following states: Ø TB: Minnesota, New York, New Mexico, Texas, Indiana Ø Brucella: Montana, Wyoming • New tests developed/offered: Ø Sensitivity testing for atypical Mycobacteria Ø Differential PCR for identifying mycobacterial species belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex Safeguarding Animal Health

Diagnostic Virology Laboratory • • • Avian influenza Newcastle disease Pseudorabies Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern, Western, Venezuelan) West Nile encephalitis Bluetongue Infectious salmon anemia Spring viremia of carp Equine infectious anemia Capacity to diagnose more than 90 diseases Safeguarding Animal Health

Diagnostic Virology • 2009 Pandemic H 1 N 1 virus Ø Validated new PCR assays developed by Agricultural Research Service (ARS) for use in 36 NAHLN SIV approved laboratories v Influenza A matrix v N 1 differential PCR Ø OFFLU reference laboratory for pandemic H 1 N 1 – able to accept at FADDL from FMD countries and Ames for non-FMD countries Safeguarding Animal Health

OFFLU Adopts USDA-APHIS Guidance for Pandemic H 1 N 1 Influenza Safeguarding Animal Health

Diagnostic Virology • Aquaculture wet lab commissioned in new vivarium Safeguarding Animal Health

Pathobiology Laboratory Diagnostics • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy • Scrapie • Chronic Wasting Disease • Bovine Tuberculosis • Screwworm myiasis • Tick identification Other Program Support • Evaluation of Disinfectants/Pesticides • Scrapie Genotyping Safeguarding Animal Health

NVSL Proficiency Tests 2010 • • • Classical Swine Fever Foot and Mouth Disease Equine Infectious Anemia Bluetongue Bovine leukosis Leptospira Johnes (organism, serum, milk) TB (gamma interferon) Avian Influenza African Swine Fever Anaplasmosis • • • Newcastle Disease BSE Brucella Equine Piroplasmosis Bacteriology QA Contagious Equine Metritis Salmonella type D Equine Infectious Anemia Equine Viral Arteritis Pseudorabies (Serology and r. RT -PCR) • Rinderpest Safeguarding Animal Health

Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (FADDL) Activities • Perform diagnosis of foreign animal diseases (FADs) • Test imported animals and animal products to prevent introduction of FADs • Serve as reference lab for National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) • Produce diagnostic reagents • Maintain the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) Vaccine Bank for North America • Train veterinarians in the clinical diagnosis of FADs • Conduct subject matter research and investigation activities • Build international capacity for laboratory diagnosis Safeguarding Animal Health

Diseases Tested at FADDL • • Former OIE List A Ø Foot-and-mouth disease Ø Rinderpest Ø Peste des petits ruminants Ø Swine vesicular disease Ø Vesicular stomatitis Ø Classical swine fever Ø African swine fever Ø Rift valley fever Ø Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia Ø Bluetongue Ø Sheep and goat pox Ø African horse sickness Ø Lumpy skin disease Former OIE List B Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Trypanosomosis Malignant Catarrhal Fever Brucellosis Heartwater Getah Bovine viral diarrhea Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Bovine herpesvirus mammillitis Orf Japanese encephalitis B Epizootic hemorrhagic disease Rabbit hemorrhagic disease Teschen Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia Contagious agalactia Aino and Akabane Bovine ephemeral fever Safeguarding Animal Health

Number of Samples Tested Annually for Potential Foreign Animal Diseases Fiscal Year Case/Test FY 07 Case # FY 08 Test # Case # FY 09 Test # FY 10 Case # Test # Investigations 136 (1) 2, 539 (271) 99 1, 555 83 1, 848 102 2, 553 CSF Surveillance 625 16, 200 923 15, 928 1, 543 8, 151 2, 283 8, 170 Export 3 31 4 40 0 0 10 37 Import 0 0 4 383 0 0 4 1 Safety 6 82 2 8 5 31 10 100 11 2, 083 17 (5) 658 (441) 11 (5) 707 (631) 7 (4) 625 (569) Reference (International) Total 781 20, 935 1, 049 Animal 18, 572 1, 642 10, 737 Safeguarding Health 2, 417 10, 774

International Accessions & Capacity Building October 09 -October 10 • Cameroon • Ecuador Ø • Ø Carrier sow & congenital infection v Low pathogenic CSF, genotype 1. 3 Investigating possible spread of PTV-1 in swine Haiti Ø • Characterization of FMDV strain Dominican Republic Ø • Ø Recently diagnosed CSFV, genotype 1. 3 • Nicaragua Ø Nigeria Ø FMD outbreak in Cattle (Type O) v First FMD investigation since 1977 v 30 epithelial tissues and 527 sera • Iraq Ø Swine with neurological signs , high morbidity/mortality v Teschovirus causing encephalomyelitis Guatemala Ø • Collaborating with Ohio State University-ARS-Cameroon on epidemiology study using as FMD as model Ø FMD outbreak in cattle and sheep v Sublineage of A Iran 05 in 2008 v Weak match with the current vaccine A 22 Iraq Confirming results of serological surveillance of FMDV • Pakistan Ø Detected and characterized CSFV, genotype 1. 3 • Characterization of FMDV strains Mongolia Ø Ø Ø Capacity building of lab for FMD diagnostics Characterizing the FMD virus In process of establishing OIE twinning program on FMD Safeguarding Animal Health

Examples - FADDL Developmental Projects • • Enhancement and Validation of 3 D ELISA DIVA Diagnostic for FMD (DHS funded) Epitope Mapping of the Envelope E 2 Glycoprotein to Enhance CSF Diagnostics and Develop and Validate a Highly Specific CSF ELISA (DHS funded) Evaluation of Pen-side Diagnostics for the Detection of FMDV (DHS funded) Enhancements of High-Throughput (HTP) Diagnostics for FADs and HTP with an Emphasis on Serological Assay Validation for FMDV (DHS funded) Development of Pan-Viral Microarrays for the Detection of Emerging and FADs (DHS and USDA funded) Validation of Assays for FADs (ARS funded) FMD in feral swine, pronghorn, mule deer, elk FMD detection in oral fluids Safeguarding Animal Health

Discovery of Swine as A Host for the Reston Ebolavirus • In 2008, domestic swine in the Philippines, experiencing unusually severe outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), were discovered to host Reston Ebolavirus (REBOV). • Identified at FADDL and confirmed at CDC. Safeguarding Animal Health

Responses to Discovery of Swine as A Host for Reston Ebolavirus • Philippines BAI, immediately stopped international trade of pork products. • The FAO, OIE, and WHO sent a team to the Philippines to advise and assist on public health recommendations and control of the infected swine. Dr. Bill White of NVSL/FADDL among team members. • The CDC tested 141 individuals and found some seroconversion. • Surveys of two affected farms revealed circulating virus on farm A. • The CDC has since returned to the Philippines to investigate fruit bats as a possible reservoir. Concern over Ebola virus in pigs. A form of Ebola virus has been detected in pigs for the first time, raising concerns it could mutate and pose a new risk to humans. The new discovery – in the Philippines – is featured in the journal Science. Story from BBC NEWS: http: //news. bbc. co. uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/health/8143823. stm Published: 2009/07/10 10: 14: 08 GMT © BBC MMIX Safeguarding Animal Health

North American Animal Health Laboratory Network: ‘US, Mexico and Canada’ North American Leaders Summit (Security and Prosperity Partnership) Vesicular Diseases Harmonization FMD, SVD, VSV Harmonization of Selected Assays r. RT-PCR: FMD - Done Antigen ELISA: FMD - Done “Ensuring an equivalency of Virus neutralization: FMD - Done diagnostic test results between the Virus Isolation: FMD - Done laboratories, regardless of protocols Ab ELISA: SVD & VSV - Now 3 ABC ELISA: FMD - Future practiced by each country” Cell culture sensitivity for virus isolation: FMD - Future r. RT-PCR: VSV - Future • Harmonized tests as well for Avian Influenza and Bovine Tuberculosis Safeguarding Animal Health

OIE Twinning • To establish effective and long-term collaboration between a reference (parent) lab and lab in developing country • NVSL Twinning projects: Ø Brazil—avian influenza and Newcastle disease Ø Chile—avian influenza and Newcastle disease Safeguarding Animal Health

Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB), APHIS National Animal Disease Center (NADC), ARS National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), APHIS Together we meet the national needs for animal health research, diagnosis, and product evaluation. Safeguarding Animal Health

Safeguarding Animal Health

Safeguarding Animal Health

Low containment animal facility--2009 Phase 1 laboratory facility--2004 High containment animal facility--2007

Websites • National Veterinary Services Laboratories www. aphis. usda. gov/animal_health/lab_info_services • National Animal Health Laboratory Network www. aphis. usda. gov/animal_health/nahln Safeguarding Animal Health