Labor Formal v Informal Formal Informal Public sphere

Labor

Formal v. Informal Formal Informal Public sphere Private sphere Legitimate, compensated Expected, unrecognized Accords status Natural extension Household duties expected, expected of ♀ = ‘second blended with work shift’ Leisure gap for ♀

Public Policy & ♀ • • Unpaid, underpaid work Disregard domestic obligations Fewer dev. programs Ignore value of ♀‘s work in informal sector o Hard to quantify, measure ¤

Explanations for Gender Pay Gap • Pinksourcing • Lack role models • Gender job segregation o Access discrimination o Horizontal & vertical • Part-time • Compensating differentials o Cushier jobs • Lack of legal literacy • Home responsibilities • Maternity leave (map); Parental leave ¤

Source of Payment Pink- Unpaid Blue- Employer Liability Gold, Green, Yellow- Partly State Red- Fully State http: //qz. com/167163/countries-without-paid-maternity-leave-swaziland-lesotho-papua-new-guinea-and-the-united-states-of-america/

Explanations for Gender Pay Gap (cont. ) • Human capital o Less to offer • Gender stereotypes • Organizational practices o Norms o Networking • Sexual harassment • Glass ceiling- video <5% of CEOs female o Concrete ceiling o Sticky floor ¤

GN v. GS • Formal sector issues similar • Lack formal sector jobs in GS • Fewer labor protections ¤

Benefits of Decreasing Pay Gap • ↑ GDP o ↑ standard of living • ↑ tax base • ↓ harassment ¤

Improvements Social • Feminist movement • Technology • Contraceptives • Higher education • Recognizing sexual harassment ¤

Improvements (cont. ) Political - Policy changes • Equal pay laws • Quotas • Paid maternity/paternity leave • Preschool • School hours, year • Tax laws ¤

Improvements (cont. ) Economic • Service sector • Break stereotypes • Need to work • Business changes ¤

Recap • Formal v. informal sectors • Pay gap o Decreases benefits • Social, political, economic changes • Sets up next sections ¤