Lab Activity 1 Language of Anatomy Anatomy Gross

Lab Activity 1 Language of Anatomy

Anatomy • Gross anatomy: the study of body structures visible to the naked eye (without a microscope) • Microscopic anatomy: • Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of individual cells • Histology: examination of tissues (groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function. 2

Anatomical Position • Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position: • Body erect • Feet slightly apart • Palms facing forward • Thumbs point away from body 3

Anterior Landmarks 4

Posterior Landmarks 5

Anatomical Locations • • • Abdominal: abdominal region Acromial: the point of the shoulder Antebrachial: forearm Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow Axillary: armpit Brachial: upper arm Buccal: cheek of the face Calcaneal: heel of the foot Carpal: wrist Cephalic: head 6

Anatomical Locations • • • Cervical: neck Deltoid: round part of the shoulder Digital: fingers and toes Dorsum: back Femoral: thigh Frontal: forehead Gluteal: buttocks Hallux: big toe Inguinal: groin Lumbar: lower back Mammary: breast 7

Anatomical Locations • • • Mental: chin Nasal: Nose Occipital: base of the skull Olecranal: elbow Oral: mouth Orbital: bony eye socket Otic: ear Palmar: palm of hand Patellar: Kneecap Pedal: Foot 8

Anatomical Locations • Pelvic: pelvis region • Perineal: area between anus and external genitals • Plantar: sole of foot • Pollex: thumb • Popliteal: behind the knee • Pubic: genital region • Sacral: lower back between the hips • Scapular: shoulder blade • Tarsal: ankle • Thoracic: chest • Vertebral: spine 9

Body Orientation and Direction • These are relative positions • Proximal/distal • Used to describe locations on the arms and legs • Medial/lateral • Medial is closer to the midline • Farther away from the midline 10

Body Orientation and Direction • Dorsal: Back • Ventral: Front • Superior or Cephalad is toward the head • Inferior or Caudal is toward the feet • Anterior: most forward • Posterior: toward the backside 11

Planes of the Body 12

Dorsal Body Cavity • Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system • Contains Brain and Spinal Cord 13

Cavities • Thoracic Cavity • Heart & Lungs • Subdivided into the mediastinum and plural cavities • Lower border is the diaphragm • Abdominal Cavity • Stomach, Liver, Intestines • Pelvic Cavity • Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum 14

Serous Membranes • Serous Membranes have two layers 1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls 1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs • Serous fluid separates the serosae 15

Serous Membranes 16

Serous Membranes of the Heart 17

Quadrants • RUQ • Liver • LUQ • Spleen • RLQ • Appendix • LLQ • Sigmoid colon 18

Abdominopelvic Regions 19

Integumentary System • Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands • Function: • • • Forms external body covering Protects deeper tissues from injury Involved in vitamin D synthesis Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry Site of pain and pressure receptors 20

Skeletal System • Structure: 206 bones of the human body • Function: • Protects and supports body organs • Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement • Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells) • Mineral storage • Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium 21

Muscular System • Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body • Function: • • Locomotion Manipulation of the environment Maintaining posture Thermogenesis (generation of heat) 22

Nervous System • Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. • Function: • Fast-acting control system of the body • Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity • Information Assessment 23

Endocrine System • Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands • Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart • Functions: • Long-term control system of the body • Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things. 24

Cardiovascular System • Structures: • Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) • Functions: • The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels. • Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O 2, CO 2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat. 25

Lymphatic/Immune System • Structures: • Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow • Functions: • Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream • Disposal of debris • Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens i. e. , disease-causing organisms) • Absorption of fat from the digestive tract 26

Respiratory System • Structures: • Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Functions: • Constantly supply the blood with O 2, and remove CO 2 • Regulate blood p. H 27

Digestive System • Structures: • Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder • Functions: • Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells 28

Urinary System • Structures: • Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra • Functions: • Removal of nitrogenous wastes • Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity 29

Reproductive System • Structures: • Male: • Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis • Female: • Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands • Functions: • Making Babies 30

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Care of the Microscope 1. When transporting microscope, hold in upright position with one hand on the arm and the other supporting the base 2. Only use lens paper to clean the lens. NEVER USE KIMWIPES. 3. Always begin the focusing process with the lowestpower objective and change to higher-power lenses as necessary. • Use fine focus only for adjustment 4. Use coarse adjustment knob only with the lowest power objective lens 32 5. Always use a coverslip with temporary

Putting Microscope Away 1. Remove slides from stage and place in appropriate place 2. Rotate the lowest-power objective lens into position 3. Move stage to the lowest position 4. Turn down light brightness 5. Turn off power 6. Wipe microscope (not the lens) with Kimwipes or alcohol wipe if needed 7. Wrap the cord neatly around the base 8. Lock the cabinet 33

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