lab 4 Immunity and inflammation Immunity the capability

lab (4 ) Immunity and inflammation

Immunity the capability of the body to resist harmful microbes from entering to the body

INFELAMMATION Inflammation is the immune response of tissue injury type of tissue injury Burn Chemical irritation Toxin Infection of pathogens( e. g viral. Bacterial ) Physical injury and trouma Immune reaction (hyper sensitivity) Foreign body

Inflammation Type of inflammation � � Acute inflammation chronic inflammation

Acute inflammation Is initiated by WBC already present in all tissue (macrophage , dendritic cell and mast cell) this cell undergo activation and release inflammatory mediator (chemotaxis e. g cytokine, ) responsible for clinical signs of inflammation and cell activation phathophysiology

Acute infelammation clinical signs of inflammation � (Rubor ): redness � (calor) heat : caused by vasodilatation and increase blood flow � Edema; caused by increase the permeability of blood vessels results the in exudation of plasma protein and fluid in to the tissue. � Pain (dolor) due to stimulation of pin receptors � *Acute inflammation it take Short duration ; minutes hours , few days

Infected ingrown toenail showing the characteristic redness and swelling associated with acute inflammation

Acute infelammation Resolution • complete healing • fibrosis and scarring • abscess formation: cavity containing buss(liquid containing dead WBC and bacteria with debris from destroyed cells • chronic inflammation.

Acute inflammation

Chronic inflammation � Longer duration than acute phase � presence of Lymphocytes and macrophage � Proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis and presence of necrosis

Chronic inflammation � In Chronic inflammation , the inflammatory response is out of proportion to the threat, or it is directed against inappropriate target � Result; allergies and auto immune disease

Disorders of the immune system � Allergies � Autoimmune Diseases � Immune Complex Diseases � Immunodeficiency Diseases � Cancers of the Immune System

Immunodeficiency Diseases � primary immune deficiency disease are those caused by inherited genetic mutations � Secondary or acquired immune deficiencies are caused by something outside the body such as a virus or immune suppressing drugs.

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). � The illness interferes with the immune system making people with AIDS much more likely to get infections, including opportunistic , tumors, and skin rash � Transmitted by fluid exchange : blood , semen , and vaginal fluid �

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) � people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like � low grad Fevers, swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a tumor caused by human herpes virus

Rheumatic fever � Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune complication of streptococcal infections. Rheumatic fever is expressed as arthritis , or inflammation of the heart. � It cause fever � Heart (cardiac) problems, shortness of breath and chest pain � Joint pain and swelling, arthritis(mainly in the knees, elbows, ankles, and wrists) � Skin nodules , and skin rash

Rheumatic fever

Skin nodules Skin rash

Glomerulonephritis � Glomerulonephritis, : is a renal disease (usually of both kidneys) characterized by inflammation of the of glomeruli � (AB against glomeruli basement membrane. � It may present with isolated hematuria and/or proteinuria or as a nephritic syndrome, renal failure, or chronic renal failure.

Glomerulonephritis Normal glomeruli

Myasthenia gravis � Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigability. This autoimmune response produces antibodies that block the muscle cells from receiving messages (neurotransmitters -acetylcholine receptor -)from the nerve cell.

Myasthenia gravis

Lupus erythematosus � Lupus erythematosus autoimmune disease Symptoms of these diseases can affect many different body systems, including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs

SLE butterfly rash

CASE STUDY � 31 years old male came to emergency clinic suffering of sever diarrhea, coughing and chills. � He has history of blood transfusion 2 years ago � Physical examination show: � Low grade fever � Left hand skin rash � Lymph nodes swollen � blood analysis confirmd presence of HIV AB +

Questions: 1) What is the probably diagnosis? � Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

2) What is the etology of AIDS? � a. Human pabiloma viral infection � b. Hiv viral infection � c. Cryptococcal meningitis

Questions 3) Any of the immune system cells may be infected with HIV virus? a)CD 8 T toxic lymphocyte B) lymphocyte c) CD 4 T helper lymphocyte

4) How the HIV virus transmeted? � Transmitted by fluid exchange : blood , semen , vaginal fluid …ets

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