LA NEUROSONOLOGIA NELLAMBITO DELLE NEUROSCIENZE V asospasmo cerebrovascolare

LA NEUROSONOLOGIA NELL’AMBITO DELLE NEUROSCIENZE: V asospasmo cerebrovascolare V Primo Corso teorico pratico BRESCIA 12 -13 NOVEMBRE 2010 U. O. Neurorianimazione Spedali Civili di Brescia alutazione con TCD Dr. Frank Rasulo U. O. Neurorianimazione Università di Brescia

TCD in the ICU Ø VASOSPASM Ø INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION Ø CEREBRAL CIRCULATORY ARREST Ø AUTOREGULATION Ø STENOSIS TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE ØSUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE Ø HEAD TRAUMA Ø STROKE Ø BRAIN DEATH Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

Histopathological events in vasospasm Day Vessel layer Pathological change 1– 8 Adventitia Increase in inflammatory cells (plasma cells, lymphocytes, mast cells, and connective tissue) Media Muscle necrosis and corrugation of elastica Intima Thickening with endothelial swelling and vacuolisation, opening of interendothelial tight unctions Intima Proliferation of smooth muscle leads progressive intimal thickening 9– 60

TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

Definition of vasospasm FV CBF TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

Definition of hyperemia FV CBF TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

Hagen-Poiseuille Law of laminar flow CBF TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

Indice di Lindegaard Vasospasmo Iperemia I. L. Vasospasmo vs Iperemia <3 Iperemia 3 -6 Vasospasmo moderato (25 -50%) >6 Vasospasmo grave (>50%) TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

VASOSPASM & ANGIOGRAPHY Gold Standard TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

ANGIOGRAPHY TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

ANGIOGRAPHY 39 (1. 3%) neurologic complications in 2, 899 procedures; 20 (0. 7%) transient 5 (0. 2%) reversible 14 (0. 5%) permanent (strokes) NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY A retrospective study of complication rate and patient risk factors AM Leffers, A Wagner. Acta Radiologica 41 (2000) 204 -210 TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD and Vasospasm 250 200 0 TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD and Vasospasm Comparison of TCD with angiography for detection of vasospasm Ø An inverse relationship between vessel diameter and TCD velocities Aaslid et al. ØFVm > 120 cm/s = mild vasospasm FVm > 200 cm/s = severe vasospasm Correlation between FVm and angiographic lumen diameter of MCA FVm < 120 cm. sec - < 25% narrowing FVm 120 -200 cm. sec - 25 -50% narrowing FVm < 200 cm. sec - > 50% narrowing TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Aaslid et al Sloan et al Vora et al Lindegaard et al Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD and Vasospasm Sensitivity & Specificity TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD and Vasospasm Assessment: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology M. A. Sloan, et al: NEUROLOGY 2004; 62: 1468 -1481 “to review the use of TCD for diagnosis” TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD and Vasospasm after Spontaneous SAH INDICATION SENSITIVITY (%) SPECIFICITY (%) Vasospasm after Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage REFERENCE STANDARD Conventional angiography Intracranial ICA 25 -30 83 -91 MCA 3939 94 7070 100 ACA 13 -71 65 -100 VA 44 -100 82 -88 BA 77 -100 42 -79 PCA 48 -60 78 -87 TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCCD and Vasospasm Courtesy of Andrea Rigamonti Vasospasm after Spontaneous SAH INDICATION SENSITIVITY (%) SPECIFICITY (%) REFERENCE STANDARD 69 83 Conventional angiography Intracranial ICA 100 97 MCA 100 93 ACA 71 85 Vasospasm after Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD and post-traumatic SAH Predicting Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury: Development and International Validation of Prognostic Scores Based on Admission Characteristics Ewout W. Steyerberg et al. , PLo. S Medicine August 2008 | Volume 5 | Issue 8 | e 165 Head injury patients with SAH have a worse prognosis than patients without SAH or Vasospasm. TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD and post-traumatic SAH CT evidence of SAH following closed head injury occurs in up to 63% of patients Lee JH Martin NA 63% t. SAH 15% INDICATION SENSITIVITY (%) Vasospasm after Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage VSP focal DID ? SPECIFICITY (%) REFERENCE STANDARD Conventional angiography Data on sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of TCD for VSP after t. SAH are needed. TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD & Delayed Ischemic Deficits (DID) Ability of TCD to predict onset of DID’s following SAH DID’s occured in 20– 30% of SAH pts. within 3– 14 days after bleed. Vasospasm-related DIDs were the major cause of bad outcome. Kassell NF et al. 8 of 21 patients with SAH developed DID. Good correlation between TCD and DID. Sekhar et al. TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD and Vasospasm TCD monitoring and Clinical Decision Making After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage MJ. Mc. Girt et al. J Stroke Cerbrovasc Disease. March 2003 “TCD-defined vasospasm preceded the neurological deficit in 64%, 64% therefore earlier intervention might reduce the incidence of vasospasm-related stroke. ” What about the other 36% ? TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

ILLUSTRATIVE CASE SAH - rupture of a left MCA aneurysm. Day 0 - Fully conscious, with no neurological deficits, after. However, primary THRT impairment was observed on the side of surgery. Xenon-CT also demonstrated regional impairment of autoregulation. Day 4 - Developed delayed weakness of the right upper limb as the left MCA FV increased. The symptom improved with time THRT predicted the occurrence of DID TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD and Vasospasm Positron Emission Tomographic Cerebral Perfusion Disturbances And Transcranial Doppler Findings Among Patients With Neurological Deterioration After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Pawan S. Minhas et al . Neurosurgery 52: 1017 -1024, 2003 Regions of cerebral ischemia are not always associated with territories of maximal vasospasm. TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD Delayed Ischemic Deficits (DID) The accuracy of TCD to detect vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage L. Mascia et al. Intensive Care Medicine 2003 MFv threshold > 160 cm/s TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,

TCD and Vasospasm üRapid rise in Fvm in a few days ü High Lindegaard ratio TCD PER LA DIAGNOSI DI VASOSPASMO CEREBRALE Dr. FRANK RASULO SSVD Neurorianimazione , Spedali Civili, Brescia,