l l l aforementioned foregoing hereby herein hereto

古英语词语 l l l aforementioned foregoing hereby herein hereto notwithstanding pursuant to saith thereof to wit wherefore 前述的 特此 于此处 至此 尽管 根据 说（第三人称单数现在时） 其 即 为何，因此

拉丁语 l l l l alibi bona fide ex parte habeas corpus in re inter alia lex fori per capita per se prima facie quorum ultra vires versus 不在犯罪现场 善意 单方 人身保护令 有关…事宜 在其他事项中 法院地法 人均 本身 初步的，表面的 法定人数 越权行为 诉，对

法语 l l l l easement force majeure laches lien suit tort trespass 地役权 不可抗力 疏忽延误 留置权 诉讼 侵权 侵犯、闯入私人领地

常见的法律术语 l l l l clause 条款 decree 法令 draft 法案，草案 law enforcement 法律的实施 legislation 立法 offender 罪犯 specific performance 实际履行 will 遗嘱

常见的法律行话 l l l l alleged 被指控的 cause of action 诉由 damages 赔偿金 day in court 出庭日 due process of law 法律正当程序 issue of fact 事实上的争论点 issue of law 法律上的争论点 legal fiction 法律拟制 material evidence 关键证据 plea bargain 辩诉交易（认罪求情协议） reasonable doubt 合理怀疑 reasonable man 正常的人 subrogation 代位权 without prejudice 不使合法权利受到损害

同义词或近义词的并列 l l l l l acknowledge and confess authorize, direct and empower business, enterprise and undertaking by and with cancel, annul and set aside cease and come to an end cease and terminate final and conclusive for and on behalf of give and grant l l l l l have, hold and possess last will and testamentioned or referred to modified and changed obey, observe and comply with right, title and interest save and except true and correct void and of no effect within and under the terms of

准确性词语 l l l l l all each and every impossible irrevocable never none unavoidable wherever whoever 所有的 每一个 不可能 不可撤消 永远不 没有 无法避免 任何地方 任何人

模糊性词语 l l l l adequate due process excessive improper reasonable speed related sufficient unreasonable 适当的 正当程序 额外的 不适当的 合理的速度 相关的 足够的 不合理的

陈述句 l Whoever commits arson, breaches a dike, causes explosion, spreads poison or uses other dangerous means to sabotage any factory, mine, oilfield, harbor, river, water source, warehouse, forest, farm, threshing grounds, pasture, key pipeline, public building or any other public or private property, thereby endangering public security but causing no serious consequences, shall be sentenced to fixedterm imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years.

完整句 l l l In the Contract（as hereinafter defined）the following words and expressions shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them, except where the context otherwise requires: 1. 1 "Employer" means the person named as such in this contract and the legal successors in title to such person, but not （except with the consent of the Contractor） any assignee of such person. 1. 2 "Contractor" means the person whose tender has been accepted by the Employer and the legal successors in title to such person but not （except with the consent of the Employer） any assignee of such person. 1. 3 "Subcontractor" means any person named in the Contract as a Subcontractor for a part of the Works or any person to whom a part of the Works has been subcontracted with the consent of the Engineer and the legal successors in title to such person, but not any assignee of any such person. …

被动句 l l The validity of an arbitration clause or an arbitration agreement shall not be affected by the modification， rescission，termination，invalidity，revocation or non-existence of the contract. Adequate food and refreshment will be supplied free. You are not entitled to receive from outside anything except the basic necessities of clothing. However you may, if you request, be permitted at your own expense to have food from outside to be brought to you subject to inspection.

长句 l l l The context for the purpose of the interpretation of a treaty shall comprise in addition to the text， including its preamble and annexes； 　　（a） any agreement relating to the treaty which was made between all the parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty； 　　（b） any instrument which was made by one or more parties in connection with the conclusion of the treaty and accepted by the other parties as an instrument related to the treaty.

专业用语的翻译 l l 例1：The Directors may exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital，or any part thereof， and subject to Section 80 of the Company Act, to issue and create mortgages, charges, memoranda of deposits, debentures, debenture stock and other securities whether outright or as security for any debts, liability or obligation of the Company or any third party． uncalled capital是“未收资本”，mortgage是“按揭”，charge是“抵 押”，memorandum of deposit是“存放单”，debenture是“债券”， debenture stock是“公司债券”，securities是“证券”。

复合副词的翻译 l l l Attachments thereof shall be made an integral part of this contract. (hereof指of this contract) These rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessel. （therewith指with the high seas） NOW THEREFORE for good and valuable consideration, the Parties hereby mutually agree to the following terms and conditions whereby Recipient will hold in confidence Supplier’s confidential and proprietary information which has been or will be disclosed to Recipient. （whereby即by which，指by the following terms and conditions）

配对词和三连词的翻译 l l l 完全同义词 This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 译文：甲方与乙方达成并签订本合同。 部分同义词 例7：THEREFORE, in view of the foregoing premises and consideration of the mutual covenants and undertakings hereinafter provided, the parties hereto agree as follows: 译文：鉴于上述前提以及双方就下列事项进行的约定 和承诺，双方约定如下：

模糊用语的翻译 l l l 模糊词对模糊词 If a sentence of imprisonment is imposed, there are limits on the term of imprisonment — not more than six months or less than three years. 译文：如对之做出徒刑判决，其刑期也有限制 —— 或不超过六 个月或少于三年。 模糊词对具体词 Party A is a company duly organized, validly existing and in good standing as a legal person under the laws of the PRC. 译文：甲方是依据中华人民共和国法律正式成立、有效存续和资 格完备的法人公司。

正式用语的使用 l l l “因为”的短语多用 “by virtue of”，远远多于 “due to”，一般不用 “because of”； “财政年度末”一般用 “at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用 “in the end of the fiscal year”； “在……之前”一般用 “prior to”，而不用 “before”； “关于”常用 “with regard to”, “concerning”或 “relating to”，而不会用 “about”； “开始”用 “commence”，而不用 “start”或 “begin”； “停止做”用 “cease to do”，而不用 “stop to do”； “其他事项”用 “miscellaneous”, 而不用 “other matters/events”； “理解合同”用 “construe a contract” “comprehend a contract”，而不用 “understand a contract”； “认为”用 “deem”, 较少使用 “consider”, 不用 “think”或 “believe”； “愿意做”用 “intend to do”或 “desire to do”, 而不用 “want to do”, “wish to do”； “鉴于”用 “whereas”，而基本不用 “given the fact that”； “根据”用 “pursuant to” 或 “in accordance with”, 而不用 “according to”。

同义词的选择 l l l mortgage, hypothecate, pledge, lien, security The carrier shall have a lien on the goods for freight, dead freight, demurrage and any other amount payable by the cargo. 译文：承运人得因未付运费、空舱费、逾期费和其它 一切有关货物的款额而对货物行使留置权。 他用房子作抵押向银行借款 译文：He raised a mortgage on a house from a bank.

增补和省略 l l Civil actions generally are brought for breach of a contract, or for a wrong or tort. 译文：一般来说，当事人都是因为对方违约、违法或侵权而对其 提起民事诉讼的。 例2：The formation of this Contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of disputes in connection herewith shall be governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”), but in the event that there is no published and publicly available law in the PRC governing a particular matter relating to this Contract, reference shall be made to general international commercial practices. 译文：本合同的订立、效力、解释、执行及合同争议的解决，均 受中华人民共和国（“中国”）法律管辖。中国颁布的法律对本合 同相关的某一事项未作规定的，参照国际商业惯例。

语态调整 l l l Criminal law is enforced on behalf of the state. 译文：刑法由国家强制执行。 After Completion, the Vendor shall not in any way hold itself out or permit itself to be held out as being interested in, or in any way connected with, the Company. 译文：交易完成后，卖方不得自称，也不得允许他人 宣称卖方在公司中拥有权益或与公司有任何关联。 Courts are discouraged from passing sentences of imprisonment on offenders under 18 years of age. 译文：不鼓励法院对未满 18岁的罪犯作出徒刑判决。

语序调整 l l Subject to the provision of Article 12，the General Assembly may recommend measures for the peaceful adjustment of any situation，regardless of origin，which it deems likely to impair the general welfare or friendly relations among nations， including situations resulting from a violation of the provision of the present charter setting forth the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. 译文：大会对于其所认为足以妨害国际间公共福利或友好关系之 任何情势，不论其起源如何，包括由违反本宪章所述联合国宗旨 及原则之规定而起之情势，可以建议和平调整方法，但以不违背 第十二条之规定为限。

长句拆分 l l l Any income tax on income earned by consultant within the PRC pursuant to this contract and subject to taxation according to the Income tax Law of the PRC Concerning Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises and other relevant laws and regulations shall paid by Consultant. 译文一：顾问就按本合同在中国境内赚取的所得并按《中华人民 共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》和其他有关的法律法 规而被征收的任何所得税应由顾问支付。 译文二：顾问按本合同在中国境内赚取的所得，按《中华人民共 和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》以及其他法律法规须纳 税的，应由顾问缴纳所得税。

使用固定句式 l l l 根据 under, in accordance with, subject to, pursuant to, as provided in 该报盘以贵公司的接受于十月十五日以前到达敝公司 为准。 译文：The offer is subject to your acceptance reaching us before October 15 th. 根据《行政程序法》可得到司法复审。 译文：Judicial review is available pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act.

l l l 在不损害……的情况下 without prejudice to 此类措施不得损害各成员在GATT 1994项下的 权利和义务。 译文：Such actions shall be without prejudice to the rights and obligations of Members under GATT 1994.

l l l 有权做 have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, be authorized to do, reserve the right to do 人民代表大会代表有权向国家机关提出质询。 译文：Deputies to the People's Congresses have the right to address inquiries to state organs. 妇女有权享有产假。 译文：Women are entitled to maternity leave.

l l l l 有义务，有责任做 have the obligation to do, shall/will do, be obliged to, under the obligations to do, shall be liable to do, shall be liable for 托运人应当如实填报托运单。 译文：SHIPPER shall truthfully fill in the goods consignment note. 银行在其营业时间外，无接受提交单据的义务。 译文：Banks are under no obligation to accept presentation of documents outside their banking hours. 运输公司将对损坏负责。 译文：The shipping company will be liable for the damage

l l l 另有规定的除外/如无另行规定unless otherwise provided/stipulated/stated, except as otherwise provided 除本法另有规定外，香港特别行政区立法会对法案和议案的表决 采取下列程序: 译文：Unless otherwise provided for in this Law, the Legislative Council shall adopt the following procedures for voting on bills and motions: 除另有明确约定外，本协议和根据本协议进行的仲裁应适用中华 人民共和国法律。 译文：Except as otherwise expressly provided, the law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to this Agreement and to the arbitration conducted under this Agreement.

l l l ……的 whoever，anyone who 具有下列条件之一的，可以参加执业医师资格考试。 译文：Whoever meets one of the following requirements may take the examinations for the qualifications of a licensed doctor. 具有高等学校医学专科或者中等专业学校医学专业学历，在执业 医师指导下，在医疗、预防、保健机构中试用期满 1年的，可以 参加执业助理医师资格考试。 译文：Anyone who has reached the level of a graduate from the faculty of medicine of a university or a polytechnic school and，under the guidance of a licensed doctor，worked on probation for at least one year in the medical treatment， disease-prevention or health care institution may take the examinations for the qualifications of an assistant doctor.

l l l 在……前提下 provided that 在不会对调查的进行或执法构成不合理延迟或 阻碍的前提下，你可与一名法律顾问通讯和商 议。 译文：Provided that no unreasonable delay or hindrance is caused to the processes of investigation or the administration of justice you may communicate and consult with a legal adviser.

l l l l 如果 if, in the event that , in case of, where, should 发生下列情况之一的，甲方得终止本契约。 译文：In the event the Employee is found to have violated any of the followings, the Employer may terminate this contract. 延长 作时间在两小时以内者，按平日每小时 资加给三分之一。 译文：Where the overtime does not exceed 2 hours, the Employee shall be paid in addition to his regular hourly wage, an additional 1/3 of regular hourly rate. 如果这是份可转移的信用证并且需要我们的授权才会使之生效， 请注意我们没有这样的义务。 译文：Should this be a transferable credit and should we be authorized to effect such transfer, please note that we are under no obligation to do so.

l l l 一……就…… upon sth. 领养令一经作出, 有关幼年人的父母或监护人所具有 的关于该幼年人日后的管养、赡养和教育方面的一切 权利、职责、义务和法律责任均告终绝。 译文：Upon an adoption order being made, all rights, duties, obligations and liabilities of the parents or guardians of the infant in relation to the future custody, maintenance and education of the infant shall be extinguished.

使用插入结构 l l l 申请人应自接到主管机关批准通知后30日内办理 商登记手续。 译文：Applicants within 30 days upon receipt of notice of approval from relevant competent authority, shall go through industrial and commercial registration. 如果当事人一方收到按照第一款提出的建议后三十天内未能遴选独任仲 裁员达成协议，则应由当事人所约定的指定机关指定独任仲裁员。 译文：If, within thirty days after receipt by a party of a proposal made in accordance with paragraph 1, the parties have not reached agreement on the choice of a sole arbitrator, the sole arbitrator shall be appointed by the appointing authority agreed upon by the parties. 要约可以撤回。撤回要约的通知应当在要约到达受要约人之前或者与要 约同时到达受要约人。 译文：The offer may be withdrawn, if, before or at the same time when an offer arrives, the withdrawal notice reaches the offeree.

短语替代从句 l l l 任何违反本款规定试图转让股份的行为均归于无效。 译文一：Any conduct which attempts to assign the shares and violates the provisions of this Section shall be void. 译文二：Any attempted assignment of the shares in violation of the provisions of this Section shall be void. 合营企业如发生严重亏损、一方不履行合同和章程规定的义务、不可抗 力等，经合营各方协商同意，报请审查批准机关批准、并向国家 商行 政管理主管部门登记，可终止合同。 译文： In case of heavy losses, failure of a party to perform its obligations under the contract and the articles of association, or force majeure etc. , the parties to the joint venture may terminate the contract through their consultation and agreement, subject to approval by the examination and approval authorities and to registration with the state’s competent department in charge of industry and commerce administration.

公司章程 l l l limited liability company 有限责任公司 joint-stock limited company/Co. Ltd. 股份有限公司 one-person limited liability company 一人公司 wholly state-owned company 国有独资公司 common stock/share 普通股 preferential stock/share 优先股 issue and transfer of shares 股份的发行和转让 company bonds 公司债券 shareholder 股东 director 董事 president/chairman of the board 董事长 general manager 总经理 supervisor 监事 board of directors 董事会 general meeting of shareholders 股东会

销售合同 l l l l title or name and domicile of the parities（当事人的 名称或姓名和住址） contract object（标的） quantity（数量） quality（质量） price or remuneration（价款或者报酬） time limit， place and method of performance （履 行期限、地点和方式） liability for breach of contract（违约责任） methods to settle disputes （解决争议的方法）

雇佣合同 l l l l l The name, domicile and legal representative or main person in charge of the Employer(用人单位的名称、住所和法定代表人或者主要负责人); The name, domicile and number of the resident ID card or other valid identity document of the Employee(劳动者的姓名、住址和居民身份证或者其他有效 身份证件号码); The term of the employment contract(劳动合同期限); The job description and the place of work( 作内容和 作地点); Working hours, rest and leave( 作时间和休息休假); Labor compensation(劳动报酬); Social insurance(社会保险); Labor protection, working conditions and protection against occupational hazards(劳动保护、劳动条件和职业危害防护); Other matters which laws and statutes require to be included in employment contracts（法律、法规规定应当纳入劳动合同的其他事项）。

合同公证书 ______, COMMONWEALTH ss. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLAND 　　On this ______day of______, 20______, personally appeared before me ______ and ______, known to me to be the person(s) whose signature(s) is/are subscribed to me to be the foregoing instrument and who acknowledged to me that he/she/they executed the same as a voluntary act for the purposes set forth therein. 　　IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand official seal on the day and year first written above. 　　______ NOTARY PUBLIC

委托公证书 STATE OF NEW JERSEY ss. COUNTY OF FRANKLIN On this first day of May, 1996, before me personally appeared John Smith, known to me to be the person whose name is subscribed as the attorney in fact for Jeffery Grove, and acknowledged that he executed the same as the act of his principal for the purpose contained therein. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand official seal on the day and in the year first written above. (seal) _________ Notary Public My commission expires May 1, 19__

NOTARIAL CERTIFICATE 　　　　 （ ）____Zi, No. ____ This is to certify that No. ____ Trademark Registration Certificate, identifying the ____Trademark on ____ （the name of the goods） produced by ____Factory （or Company）, is issued by the General Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People's Republic of China. ____ Factory （or Company）is entitled to the exclusive right of the Trademark Registration. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I hereunto set my hand official seal on the ____（Date）. 　　 Notary: ____ (Signature) ____Notary Public Office (Seal) ____ Province The People’s Republic of China

NOTARIAL CERTIFICATE ( ) ____Zi, No. ____ THIS IS TO CERTIFY that_____invited competitive bidding for____ at____on____day, ____, and ____, ____ and ____ made bids for the above mentioned project while____became the successful bidder (or none of the bidders herein was successful). It was verified and testified at the site that the tendering project and procedures were all approved by the relevant authorities, the vendor(or purchaser)____and the tenderers, ____and____were all entitled to the tender (or ____was not entitled to the tender because of ____). The whole process of bidding, opening, appraising and awarding was in compliance with ____ and relevant rules and the outcome of the tender is legal and valid. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand official seal on the day and year first written above Notary: ____ (Signature) ____Notary Public Office (Seal) ____ Province The People’s Republic of China